Efeito do cronótipo (sincronia vs. assincronia) no desempenho obtido numa tarefa N-back
Date
2023-11-24
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Language
Portuguese
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Abstract
O cronótipo corresponde às diferenças individuais nas variações circadianas que
se refletem em flutuações físicas, emocionais e cognitivas. Existem três tipos principais
de cronótipo: Matutinos (o potencial máximo de atividade do indivíduo ocorre nas
primeiras horas do dia), Vespertinos (o potencial máximo de atividade ocorre no final da
tarde/noite) e Intermédios (o potencial máximo não se verifica numa altura específica do
dia). Esta investigação teve como objetivo analisar a possível influência da sincronia
(i.e., quando as tarefas são realizadas no período ótimo do dia) vs. assincronia (i.e.,
quando as tarefas são realizadas no período não ótimo do dia) no desempenho cognitivo
de estudantes universitários, avaliado através de uma tarefa N-back (0, 1 e 2-back). A
amostra inicial foi constituída por 460 estudantes de uma universidade situada no Porto,
que preencheram o Questionário de Horne e Östberg (versão portuguesa) com vista à
classificação do seu cronótipo. A amostra final (grupo experimental) foi constituída por
61 participantes (30 matutinos e 31 vespertinos); os participantes, individualmente,
realizaram a tarefa N-back no momento síncrono e assíncrono em ordem
contrabalanceada. De um modo geral, os resultados mostraram um melhor desempenho
quando os participantes realizaram a tarefa no momento síncrono. Especificamente,
evidenciaram-se mais respostas corretas no momento síncrono do que no assíncrono e
mais omissões no momento assíncrono do que no síncrono (ps < .001), ou seja, todos
os ps significativos são menores que .001. Não se registaram diferenças
estatisticamente significativas entre os tempos de reação (p = .22). Além disso, os
resultados indicaram que, depois de controlados o cronótipo, sexo, ordem e ansiedade,
o efeito de sincronia continuou a representar o momento de melhor desempenho
cognitivo. Este estudo contribuiu para verificar que, numa tarefa n-back, à semelhança
de muitas tarefas que os estudantes têm no dia-a-dia (níveis progressivos de exigência
cognitiva e necessidade de recordar informações previamente retidas na memória de
trabalho), existe um efeito de sincronia/assincronia evidente no número de respostas
corretas e de omissões de respostas corretas, o que pode ser um ponto de partida para
estudos mais aplicados, designadamente verificando este efeito em conteúdos
abordados em determinadas Unidades Curriculares.
The chronotype corresponds to individual differences in circadian variations which are reflected in physical, emotional and cognitive fluctuations. There are three main types of chronotype: Morning-types (the individual's maximum activity potential occurs in the early hours of the day), Evening-types (the maximum activity potential occurs in the late afternoon/evening) and Intermediate-types (the maximum potential does not occur at a specific time of day). The aim of this research was to analyze the possible influence of synchrony (i.e., when tasks are carried out at the optimum time of day) vs. asynchrony (i.e., when tasks are carried out at the non-optimum time of day) on the cognitive performance of university students, assessed using an N-Back task (0, 1 and 2-back). The initial sample consisted of 460 students from a university in Porto, who completed the Horne and Östberg Questionnaire (Portuguese version) in order to classify their chronotype. The final sample (experimental group) consisted of 61 participants (30 in the morning-types and 31 in the evening-types); the participants individually performed the N-Back task synchronously and asynchronously in a counterbalanced order. In general, the results showed better performance when the participants performed the task synchronously. Specifically, there were more correct answers at the synchronous time than at the asynchronous time and more omissions at the asynchronous time than at the synchronous time (ps < .001), i.e. all significant ps are less than .001. There were no statistically significant differences between reaction times (p = .22). Furthermore, the results indicated that, after controlling for chronotype, gender, order and anxiety, the synchrony effect continued to represent the moment of best cognitive performance. This study has helped to verify that, in an n-back task, similar to many tasks that students have in their daily lives (progressive levels of cognitive demand and the need to recall information previously retained in working memory), there is a clear synchrony/asynchrony effect in the number of correct answers and omissions of correct answers, which could be a starting point for more applied studies, namely verifying this effect in content covered in certain Curricular Units.
The chronotype corresponds to individual differences in circadian variations which are reflected in physical, emotional and cognitive fluctuations. There are three main types of chronotype: Morning-types (the individual's maximum activity potential occurs in the early hours of the day), Evening-types (the maximum activity potential occurs in the late afternoon/evening) and Intermediate-types (the maximum potential does not occur at a specific time of day). The aim of this research was to analyze the possible influence of synchrony (i.e., when tasks are carried out at the optimum time of day) vs. asynchrony (i.e., when tasks are carried out at the non-optimum time of day) on the cognitive performance of university students, assessed using an N-Back task (0, 1 and 2-back). The initial sample consisted of 460 students from a university in Porto, who completed the Horne and Östberg Questionnaire (Portuguese version) in order to classify their chronotype. The final sample (experimental group) consisted of 61 participants (30 in the morning-types and 31 in the evening-types); the participants individually performed the N-Back task synchronously and asynchronously in a counterbalanced order. In general, the results showed better performance when the participants performed the task synchronously. Specifically, there were more correct answers at the synchronous time than at the asynchronous time and more omissions at the asynchronous time than at the synchronous time (ps < .001), i.e. all significant ps are less than .001. There were no statistically significant differences between reaction times (p = .22). Furthermore, the results indicated that, after controlling for chronotype, gender, order and anxiety, the synchrony effect continued to represent the moment of best cognitive performance. This study has helped to verify that, in an n-back task, similar to many tasks that students have in their daily lives (progressive levels of cognitive demand and the need to recall information previously retained in working memory), there is a clear synchrony/asynchrony effect in the number of correct answers and omissions of correct answers, which could be a starting point for more applied studies, namely verifying this effect in content covered in certain Curricular Units.
Keywords
Cronótipo, Sincronia, Assincronia, Memória de trabalho, Estudantes universitários
Document Type
Master thesis
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Dataset
Citation
Correia, M. R. D. (2023). Efeito do cronótipo (sincronia vs. assincronia) no desempenho obtido numa tarefa N-back [Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Universidade Portucalense]. Repositório Institucional UPT. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/5240
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TID
203552245
Designation
Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde
Access Type
Open Access