Desempenho das cooperativas de crédito (SICAM) - uma abordagem pela teoria das organizações
Date
2022-02-10
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Portuguese
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Abstract
As instituições de crédito portuguesas, bem como as instituições de crédito a nível global, viveram uma crise sem precedentes. Tal crise surge no ano de 2007, com o problema do Subprime - cuja origem remonta aos Estados Unidos da América - e, de seguida, expande-se com a crise da dívida soberana. No caso português, esta crise inicia-se com a recessão económica de 2009, que também funcionou como detonador para a crise da dívida soberana, devido ao problema das contas públicas, conduzindo, assim, ao aumento das taxas de juro e à descida do rating da dívida. Esta situação traduziu-se em dificuldades de financiamento e, por conseguinte, levou à necessidade do recurso ao apoio de entidades externas.
Estas crises podem ajudar a compreender a profunda reestruturação ocorrida no setor bancário português, em que quase todos os bancos são agora detidos por investidores estrangeiros. Note-se que, a entrada do nosso país no euro mitigou o risco de taxa de câmbio, mas, por outro lado, facilitou o acesso a níveis muito elevados de liquidez, o que levou os maiores bancos a financiar-se em grandes quantidades, gerando crescimentos exagerados de crédito na economia. Por razões óbvias, quando tal deixou de ser possível, houve a necessidade de intervenção, que se traduziu na canalização de elevados montantes de fundos públicos para fazer face aos efeitos da crise, tudo consumado através do resgaste de que Portugal foi alvo.
Neste contexto, vários foram os bancos que necessitaram de recorrer a apoios do Estado para fazer face à degradação dos seus rácios.
O Grupo bancário nacional de raiz cooperativa, Sistema Integrado do Crédito Agrícola Mútuo (SICAM), denominado na gíria bancária com a marca Crédito Agrícola (CA), parece ter sido resiliente perante essa crise. Na verdade, este Grupo – que é detido, na sua totalidade, por capital nacional -, não necessitou de recorrer a qualquer apoio.
Importa, assim, analisar na presente tese, o desempenho do sistema integrado do crédito agricola mútuo, com uma referência à teoria das organizações, onde se visitarão os direitos de propriedade e os modelos de governação deste tipo de banca, finalizando no seu desempenho financeiro em ambiente de crise, quando comparado com os principais bancos a operar no território nacional. Na nossa amostra, consideramos os seguintes bancos: BCP, BPI, CGD, BES/NB, Santander, Montepio e CA, no total de sete, que representam 97,4% dos ativos da banca em Portugal.
Ter-se-á em consideração o – relevante – papel hodiernamente desempenhado pela inovação financeira, por forma a antecipar qual poderá vir a ser, previsivelmente, o comportamento futuro daquela. Para tanto, atender-se-á a um dos princípios basilares da Aliança Cooperativa Internacional (proposta de recomendação sobre o quinto princípio cooperativo, apresentado por Mervyn Wilson em 2013), o qual propugna que as cooperativas forneceram uma oportunidade de fazer ver aos mais jovens o papel que no passado estas entidades tiveram no sentido da melhoria da qualidade de vida.
Por outro lado, tal como nos refere Groeneveld (2020), por sistema, a medição do desempenho das instituições financeiras reduz-se praticamente a métricas, cujo expoente máximo resume-se ao custo/benefício, ou seja, as melhores escolhas são aquelas em que os benefícios são maiores que os custos, com enfoque no retorno sobre o património, mas não levando em consideração os princípios e valores associados.
No caso da banca cooperativa, ao levar em consideração os princípios cooperativos e os valores que lhes estão associados, mormente o desempenho não financeiro, é fator distintivo para a restante banca comercial. Por isso mesmo, a banca cooperativa foi mais resiliente à crise financeira, devido ao não ter a maximização do lucro como horizonte imediato.
Ter-se-á, ainda, em vista demonstrar às gerações atuais os reais contributos das cooperativas no âmbito social, na medida em que são mecanismos de apoio às comunidades locais e que, desde logo, possibilitam – como sempre possibilitaram – a melhoria das condições de vida dos trabalhadores, ao longo de gerações.
Analisa-se o modelo de governação e organização vigente, por forma a aferir se o mesmo é passível de afetar a saúde financeira do estudo do caso em apreço e, em caso afirmativo, em que termos tal sucede.
Metodologicamente, utilizaram-se as ferramentas “HEAT!” e “Z – SCORE”, as quais nos permitem concluir que a banca portuguesa de natureza cooperativa, integrada no Sistema Integrado de Crédito Agrícola Mútuo (SICAM), apresentou um excelente desempenho no período analisado.
Concluímos que este modelo de banca cooperativa e respetiva organização empresarial, com particular destaque para o seu sistema de governo, são a pedra basilar da diferenciação relativamente à banca comum. O lucro, i.e., o excedente cooperativo, quando comparado com o lucro societário, é o elemento individualizador suscetível de demonstrar as dissemelhanças do modelo em apreço para com a restante banca.
Por fim, considerando os requisitos mínimos de fundos próprios e passivos elegíveis (MREL), conclui-se que poder-se-ão colocar problemas futuros de capitalização ao SICAM. Assim, para cumprimento deste requisito, o modelo (pelo menos em termos da cabeça do grupo, a Caixa Central), poderá ter que ser parcialmente alterado.
Portuguese credit institutions, as well as credit institutions worldwide, have experienced an unprecedented crisis. Such crisis began in 2007 with the Subprime problem, which was originated in the United States of America, and then expanded with the sovereign debt crisis. In the case of Portugal, this crisis began with the economic recession of 2009, which also acted as a trigger for the sovereign debt crisis, due to the problem of public accounts, and leading to an increase in interest rates and a lowering of the debt rating. This situation resulted into financing difficulties and consequently led to the need for support from external entities. These crises may help to understand the profound restructuration that took place in the Portuguese banking sector, in which almost all banks are now owned by foreign investors. It is worth highlighting that our country's entry into the euro eliminated exchange rate risk, but, on the other hand, facilitated access to very high levels of liquidity, which led the largest banks to finance themselves in large quantities, generating exaggerated growths of credit in the economy. For obvious reasons, when this was no longer possible, there was a need for intervention, which resulted in the channelling of large amounts of public funds to deal with the effects of the crisis, all of which was achieved through the rescue that Portugal was subjected to. In this context, several banks needed to obtain state support to address the deterioration of their ratios. The national banking group with cooperative roots, the Integrated System of Mutual Agricultural Credit (SICAM), known in banking jargon as Agriculture Credit (CA), seems to have been resilient to that crisis. In fact, this Group, which is wholly owned by national capital, did not need to get any support. In the present thesis, it is crucial to analyse the performance of the integrated system of mutual agricultural credit, with reference to the theory of organizations, where we will analyse the property rights and the governance models of this type of banking, ending in its financial performance in a crisis environment, when compared with the main banks operating in the national territory. In our sample, we consider the following banks: BCP, BPI, CGD, BES/NB, Santander, Montepio and CA, in a total of seven, which represent 97.4% of banking assets in Portugal. The relevant role played nowadays by financial innovation will be taken into consideration, in order to anticipate what its future behaviour may predictably be. To that purpose, one of the founding principles of the International Cooperative Alliance (proposal recommendation on the fifth cooperative principle, presented by Mervyn Wilson in 2013) will be taken into account, which argues that cooperatives provided an opportunity to make the younger generation aware of the role that these entities played in the past in improving the quality of life. On the other hand, as Groeneveld (2020) states, the performance measurement of financial institutions is usually reduced to metrics, whose maximum exponent is reduced to cost/benefit, which means that the best choices are those where the benefits are greater than the costs, focusing on the return on assets but not taking into account the associated principles and values. In the case of cooperative banking, taking into account the cooperative principles and the values associated with them, especially non-financial performance, it becomes a distinctive factor for other commercial banks. For this very reason, cooperative banking was more resilient to the financial crisis, due to not having profit maximisation as an immediate horizon. The aim will also be to demonstrate to current generations the real contributions of cooperatives in the social sphere, as they are mechanisms for supporting local communities and thus make possible - as they always have done - the improvement of workers' living conditions over generations. The current governance and organisation model is analysed in order to assess whether it is likely to affect the financial health of this case study and, if it does, under what terms. Methodologically, the "HEAT!" and "Z - SCORE" tools were used, which allow us to conclude that the Portuguese cooperative banking sector, which is part of the integrated system of mutual agricultural credit (SICAM), presented an excellent performance in the period analysed. We conclude that this cooperative banking model and the respective business organisation, with particular emphasis on its governance system, are the basis of the distinction from ordinary banking. The profit, i.e., the cooperative surplus, when compared with corporate profit, is the individual element that can demonstrate the dissimilarities of the model in question with other banks. Finally, considering the minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL), it can be concluded that future capitalisation problems may be arisen for SICAM. Therefore, in order to fulfil this requirement, the model (at least in terms of the group head, the central bank) may have to be partially changed.
Portuguese credit institutions, as well as credit institutions worldwide, have experienced an unprecedented crisis. Such crisis began in 2007 with the Subprime problem, which was originated in the United States of America, and then expanded with the sovereign debt crisis. In the case of Portugal, this crisis began with the economic recession of 2009, which also acted as a trigger for the sovereign debt crisis, due to the problem of public accounts, and leading to an increase in interest rates and a lowering of the debt rating. This situation resulted into financing difficulties and consequently led to the need for support from external entities. These crises may help to understand the profound restructuration that took place in the Portuguese banking sector, in which almost all banks are now owned by foreign investors. It is worth highlighting that our country's entry into the euro eliminated exchange rate risk, but, on the other hand, facilitated access to very high levels of liquidity, which led the largest banks to finance themselves in large quantities, generating exaggerated growths of credit in the economy. For obvious reasons, when this was no longer possible, there was a need for intervention, which resulted in the channelling of large amounts of public funds to deal with the effects of the crisis, all of which was achieved through the rescue that Portugal was subjected to. In this context, several banks needed to obtain state support to address the deterioration of their ratios. The national banking group with cooperative roots, the Integrated System of Mutual Agricultural Credit (SICAM), known in banking jargon as Agriculture Credit (CA), seems to have been resilient to that crisis. In fact, this Group, which is wholly owned by national capital, did not need to get any support. In the present thesis, it is crucial to analyse the performance of the integrated system of mutual agricultural credit, with reference to the theory of organizations, where we will analyse the property rights and the governance models of this type of banking, ending in its financial performance in a crisis environment, when compared with the main banks operating in the national territory. In our sample, we consider the following banks: BCP, BPI, CGD, BES/NB, Santander, Montepio and CA, in a total of seven, which represent 97.4% of banking assets in Portugal. The relevant role played nowadays by financial innovation will be taken into consideration, in order to anticipate what its future behaviour may predictably be. To that purpose, one of the founding principles of the International Cooperative Alliance (proposal recommendation on the fifth cooperative principle, presented by Mervyn Wilson in 2013) will be taken into account, which argues that cooperatives provided an opportunity to make the younger generation aware of the role that these entities played in the past in improving the quality of life. On the other hand, as Groeneveld (2020) states, the performance measurement of financial institutions is usually reduced to metrics, whose maximum exponent is reduced to cost/benefit, which means that the best choices are those where the benefits are greater than the costs, focusing on the return on assets but not taking into account the associated principles and values. In the case of cooperative banking, taking into account the cooperative principles and the values associated with them, especially non-financial performance, it becomes a distinctive factor for other commercial banks. For this very reason, cooperative banking was more resilient to the financial crisis, due to not having profit maximisation as an immediate horizon. The aim will also be to demonstrate to current generations the real contributions of cooperatives in the social sphere, as they are mechanisms for supporting local communities and thus make possible - as they always have done - the improvement of workers' living conditions over generations. The current governance and organisation model is analysed in order to assess whether it is likely to affect the financial health of this case study and, if it does, under what terms. Methodologically, the "HEAT!" and "Z - SCORE" tools were used, which allow us to conclude that the Portuguese cooperative banking sector, which is part of the integrated system of mutual agricultural credit (SICAM), presented an excellent performance in the period analysed. We conclude that this cooperative banking model and the respective business organisation, with particular emphasis on its governance system, are the basis of the distinction from ordinary banking. The profit, i.e., the cooperative surplus, when compared with corporate profit, is the individual element that can demonstrate the dissimilarities of the model in question with other banks. Finally, considering the minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL), it can be concluded that future capitalisation problems may be arisen for SICAM. Therefore, in order to fulfil this requirement, the model (at least in terms of the group head, the central bank) may have to be partially changed.
Keywords
Crédito Agrícola, Banca cooperativa, Desempenho, Organização, Governo das sociedades
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
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Dataset
Citation
Faria, A. T. (2022). Desempenho das cooperativas de crédito (SICAM) - uma abordagem pela teoria das organizações. (Tese de Doutoramento), Universidade Portucalense, Portugal. Disponível no Repositório UPT, http://hdl.handle.net/11328/3946
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101643691
Designation
Doutoramento em Ciências Empresariais
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Restricted Access