Combate ao terrorismo. O desafio jurídico
Date
2024-04-17
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Portuguese
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Abstract
Esta tese, intitulada "Combate ao terrorismo! O desafio jurídico" pretendeu eluci-dar para um tema que tem suscitado grandes discussões, ou seja, os métodos de com-bate ao terrorismo e o extremismo a ele associado e como estes estarão limitados pelos ordenamentos jurídicos de diversas nações e eventualmente pelo direito internacional.
A questão central tratou-se da averiguação da existência e nesse caso da enu-meração de quais os entraves jurídicos verificados face à utilização do "S.O.VA.” no combate ao terrorismo.
A metodologia assentou fundamentalmente na pesquisa bibliográfica, foram abor-dados e desenvolvidos os conceitos fundamentais, que permitem entender os fenóme-nos inerentes ao tema proposto, articulando com uma compreensão, genérica, das di-versas ideologias, bem como da simbiose entre o extremismo e o terrorismo. Para além do exposto foi utilizado o método comparativo funcional que estabelece a função e as funções da função, que assentam basicamente na questão fundamental da tese e nos objetivos que se pretendem atingir a partir daquela (identificação dos desafios jurídicos face aos métodos de combate ao terrorismo em particular do S.O.VA.).
Assim as funções da função foram:
1.º - A definição do conceito de terrorismo, a sua evolução histórica e as razões que levaram à sua proliferação;
2.º - A identificação das consequências deste fenómeno;
3º - A análise do método matemático proposto que permite teoricamente explicar, analisar, antever e combater este flagelo e as suas consequências na sociedade;
4º - A verificação dos métodos de prevenção deste fenómeno e se estes são com-patíveis com a legislação em vigor;
5º - A comparação do ordenamento jurídico português com os diferentes sistemas de países como os Estados Unidos da América, (onde se fará breve menção ao orde-namento jurídico do Reino Unido, dado que está na base do norte-americano), França, Espanha e Iraque (os primeiros como exemplos de democracias e o último, um paradi-gma de uma sociedade diferente). Para a comparação em referência foi utilizada uma ferramenta que é utilizada noutros campos, designadamente a análise SWOT.
Como resultado entendeu-se que a definição que deu origem à metodologia de combate ao terrorismo em estudo (S.O.VA.) tratar-se-á quanto a nós da melhor carac-terização do fenómeno mesmo até tendo em conta as formas legais que esta adquiriu, nomeadamente, o terrorismo carateriza-se como uma ação nefasta, sobre valores de determinada comunidade, visando causar medo e insegurança para prossecução de objetivos pessoais ou coletivos.
Relativamente às consequências deste fenómeno, que se denotam ao longo do estudo, para além daquelas que são perfeitamente óbvias, como a deslocação de pes-soas dos locais assolados por estas ocorrências para outros potencialmente menos pe-rigosos, o pânico inicial constante dilui-se efetivamente com o tempo, passando em mui-tos casos a ser já praticamente ignorado.
Assume particular importância a perda de direitos liberdades e garantias perpe-tradas pelos diversos estados ao abrigo da pretensa luta contra o terrorismo. Tal acon-tece principalmente através da ação dos diversos serviços de informações e de inteli-gência no âmbito da permanente vigilância a todos os cidadãos. Na maior parte dos casos acontecem em grave violação dos respetivos normativos constitucionais formal-mente assegurados nesses países com o aproveitamento de leis de exceção aprovadas no âmbito de situações de grave emergência.
O presente estudo pretendeu também averiguar a génese e evolução do fenó-meno extremista, ao longo do tempo, e a(s) melhor(es) forma(s) de o combater. Procu-rou-se também averiguar a importância dos media, na divulgação e contextualização dos vários grupos extremistas, e o grau de utilização que fazem das notícias que estão a ser massivamente divulgadas.
Foram ainda, analisadas as formas como estas ocorrências podem ser contidas e quais os métodos que melhor podem contrariar o avanço dos vários extremismos na Europa, tentando desenvolver e aplicar o modelo S.O.VA como método auxiliar na pre-venção deste tipo de ameaças e os problemas que esta forma de prevenir o extremismo traz para o direito nacional e internacional. A melhor prova de que o modelo S.O.VA. funciona é que este, ou pelo menos o conceito base da sua criação, já se encontra em utilização em países como os EUA e a Irlanda através de aplicações como o Babel X e o ROXANNE respetivamente.
Quanto aos entraves jurídicos para a aplicação do método SOVA ou análogos, estes existem e estão devidamente consignados e interditados, pelo menos em parte, em todas as constituições dos diferentes países analisados. Segundo a análise efetu-ada a implementação do modelo anteriormente referido poderá também infringir o dis-posto na DUDH, nomeadamente os direitos no âmbito da reserva da vida privada, liber-dade de expressão, de associação, de reunião e de culto.
Quando comparamos o ordenamento jurídico português com os restantes anali-sados percebemos que no que concerne à comparação entre os diversos ordenamentos jurídicos, aquilo que se verifica é que a principiologia que está na base de todas as constituições, códigos penais e legislação antiterrorista é bastante idêntica. A título de exemplo o código penal de Napoleão serve de base a praticamente toda a legislação penal tanto europeia como dos EUA e pasme-se até a do Iraque.
Os principais contributos para a ciência que esta tese traz são fundamentalmente:
- A análise do ordenamento jurídico Iraquiano, que tanto quanto se tem conhecimento, até ao momento não existia em português e contrariamente aquilo que se poderia es-perar, excetuando a adoção de uma religião do Estado, assemelha-se às suas congé-neres estudadas;
- A comprovação que a implementação de modelos de combate ao extremismo e ter-rorismo com base no conceito do S.O.V.A é possível e já está em implementação, mas que tais conceitos envolverão sempre uma perda de direitos reais dos cidadãos dos países em questão designadamente os direitos no âmbito da reserva da vida privada, liberdade de expressão, de associação, de reunião e de culto, o que ofende não só a legislação constitucional dos países em estudo mas também os preceitos base da DUDH, CDFUE e da CEDH.
This thesis, entitled "Combating terrorism! The legal challenge" intended to elucidate a topic that has raised great discussions, that is, the methods of combating terrorism and the extremism associated with it and how these will be limited by the legal systems of various nations and eventually by international law. The central question was to ascertain the existence and, in this case, the enumeration of which legal obstacles are verified in the face of the use of "S.O.VA." in the fight against terrorism. The methodology was based fundamentally on bibliographical research, the fundamental concepts were approached and developed, which allow to understand the fenomena inherent to the proposed theme, articulating with a generic understanding of the various ideologies, as well as the symbiosis between extremism and terrorism. In addition to the above, the functional comparative method was used, which establishes the function and the functions of the function, which are basically based on the fundamental question of the thesis and the objectives that are intended to be achieved from it (identification of legal challenges in relation to the methods of combating terrorism in particular the S.O.VA.). Thus the functions of the function were: 1st - The definition of the concept of terrorism, its historical evolution and the reasons that led to its proliferation; 2nd - The identification of the consequences of this phenomenon; 3º - The analysis of the proposed mathematical method that allows theoretically to explain, analyze, anticipate and combat this scourge and its consequences in society; 4º - The verification of the methods of prevention of this phenomenon and if they are compatible with the legislation in force; 5º - The comparison of the portuguese legal system with the different systems of countries such as the United States of America, (where the legal system of the United Kingdom will be briefly mentioned, since it is the basis of the North American one), France, Spain and Iraq (the first as examples of democracies and the last, a paradigm of a different society). For this comparison, a tool that is used in other fields was used, namely the SWOT analysis. As a result, it was understood that the definition that gave rise to the methodology for combating terrorism under study (S.O.VA.) will be the best characterization of the phenomenon, even taking into account the legal forms that it has acquired, namely, ter-rorism is characterized as a nefarious action, on the values of a certain community, aiming to cause fear and insecurity for the pursuit of personal or collective objec-tives. Regarding the consequences of this phenomenon, which are highlighted thro-ughout the study, in addition to those that are perfectly obvious, such as the displace-ment of people from the places affected by these occurrences to other potentially less dangerous ones, the initial constant panic is effectively diluted over time, in many cases becoming practically ignored, the loss of rights, freedoms and guarantees perpetrated by the various states under the alleged fight against terrorism is of particular importance. This is mainly due to the actions of the various intelligence services in the context of the permanent surveillance of all citizens. In most cases, this happens in serious violation of the respective constitutional norms formally guaranteed in these countries, taking ad-vantage of exceptional laws passed in the context of serious emergency situations. It also sought to investigate the genesis and evolution of the extremist phenome-non over time and the best way(s) to combat it. It also seeks to ascertain the importance of the media in the dissemination and contextualization of the various ex-terminist groups, and the degree of use they make of the news that is being massively dissemi-nated. We also analyzed the ways in which these occurrences can be contained and which methods can best counter the advance of various extremisms in Europe, trying to develop and apply the S.O.VA model as an auxiliary method in the prevention of this type of threats and the problems that this way of preventing extremism brings to national and international law. The best proof that the S.O.VA. model works is that it, or at least the basic concept of its creation, is already in use in countries such as the USA and Ireland through applications such as Babel X and ROXANNE respectively. As for the legal obstacles to the application of the SOVA method or similar, these exist and are duly enshrined in all the constitutions of the different countries analyzed, as well as infringing the provisions of the UDHR, namely the rights in the scope of the reservation of private life, freedom of expression, association, assembly and worship. When we compare the Portuguese legal system with the other analyzed countries, we realize that in terms of the comparison between the various legal systems, what we find is that the principles underlying all constitutions, penal codes and anti-terrorist legis-lation are quite identical. For example, Napoleon's penal code is the basis for virtually all criminal legislation in Europe, the US and, surprisingly, Iraq. The main contributions to science that this thesis makes are fundamental: - The analysis of the Iraqi legal system, which to the best of our knowledge did not exist in portuguese until now, and which, contrary to what was expected except for the adoption of a state religion, resembles its studied counterparts; - Proof that the implementation of models to combat extremism and terrorism ba-sed on the concept of S.O.VA. is possible and is already being implemented, but that such concepts will always involve a loss of real rights of the citizens of the countries in question, namely the rights in the scope of the reservation of private life, freedom of expression, association, assembly and worship, which offends not only the constitutional legislation of the countries under study but also the basic precepts of the UDHR, CFREU and ECHR.
This thesis, entitled "Combating terrorism! The legal challenge" intended to elucidate a topic that has raised great discussions, that is, the methods of combating terrorism and the extremism associated with it and how these will be limited by the legal systems of various nations and eventually by international law. The central question was to ascertain the existence and, in this case, the enumeration of which legal obstacles are verified in the face of the use of "S.O.VA." in the fight against terrorism. The methodology was based fundamentally on bibliographical research, the fundamental concepts were approached and developed, which allow to understand the fenomena inherent to the proposed theme, articulating with a generic understanding of the various ideologies, as well as the symbiosis between extremism and terrorism. In addition to the above, the functional comparative method was used, which establishes the function and the functions of the function, which are basically based on the fundamental question of the thesis and the objectives that are intended to be achieved from it (identification of legal challenges in relation to the methods of combating terrorism in particular the S.O.VA.). Thus the functions of the function were: 1st - The definition of the concept of terrorism, its historical evolution and the reasons that led to its proliferation; 2nd - The identification of the consequences of this phenomenon; 3º - The analysis of the proposed mathematical method that allows theoretically to explain, analyze, anticipate and combat this scourge and its consequences in society; 4º - The verification of the methods of prevention of this phenomenon and if they are compatible with the legislation in force; 5º - The comparison of the portuguese legal system with the different systems of countries such as the United States of America, (where the legal system of the United Kingdom will be briefly mentioned, since it is the basis of the North American one), France, Spain and Iraq (the first as examples of democracies and the last, a paradigm of a different society). For this comparison, a tool that is used in other fields was used, namely the SWOT analysis. As a result, it was understood that the definition that gave rise to the methodology for combating terrorism under study (S.O.VA.) will be the best characterization of the phenomenon, even taking into account the legal forms that it has acquired, namely, ter-rorism is characterized as a nefarious action, on the values of a certain community, aiming to cause fear and insecurity for the pursuit of personal or collective objec-tives. Regarding the consequences of this phenomenon, which are highlighted thro-ughout the study, in addition to those that are perfectly obvious, such as the displace-ment of people from the places affected by these occurrences to other potentially less dangerous ones, the initial constant panic is effectively diluted over time, in many cases becoming practically ignored, the loss of rights, freedoms and guarantees perpetrated by the various states under the alleged fight against terrorism is of particular importance. This is mainly due to the actions of the various intelligence services in the context of the permanent surveillance of all citizens. In most cases, this happens in serious violation of the respective constitutional norms formally guaranteed in these countries, taking ad-vantage of exceptional laws passed in the context of serious emergency situations. It also sought to investigate the genesis and evolution of the extremist phenome-non over time and the best way(s) to combat it. It also seeks to ascertain the importance of the media in the dissemination and contextualization of the various ex-terminist groups, and the degree of use they make of the news that is being massively dissemi-nated. We also analyzed the ways in which these occurrences can be contained and which methods can best counter the advance of various extremisms in Europe, trying to develop and apply the S.O.VA model as an auxiliary method in the prevention of this type of threats and the problems that this way of preventing extremism brings to national and international law. The best proof that the S.O.VA. model works is that it, or at least the basic concept of its creation, is already in use in countries such as the USA and Ireland through applications such as Babel X and ROXANNE respectively. As for the legal obstacles to the application of the SOVA method or similar, these exist and are duly enshrined in all the constitutions of the different countries analyzed, as well as infringing the provisions of the UDHR, namely the rights in the scope of the reservation of private life, freedom of expression, association, assembly and worship. When we compare the Portuguese legal system with the other analyzed countries, we realize that in terms of the comparison between the various legal systems, what we find is that the principles underlying all constitutions, penal codes and anti-terrorist legis-lation are quite identical. For example, Napoleon's penal code is the basis for virtually all criminal legislation in Europe, the US and, surprisingly, Iraq. The main contributions to science that this thesis makes are fundamental: - The analysis of the Iraqi legal system, which to the best of our knowledge did not exist in portuguese until now, and which, contrary to what was expected except for the adoption of a state religion, resembles its studied counterparts; - Proof that the implementation of models to combat extremism and terrorism ba-sed on the concept of S.O.VA. is possible and is already being implemented, but that such concepts will always involve a loss of real rights of the citizens of the countries in question, namely the rights in the scope of the reservation of private life, freedom of expression, association, assembly and worship, which offends not only the constitutional legislation of the countries under study but also the basic precepts of the UDHR, CFREU and ECHR.
Keywords
Ameaça, Extremismo, Estratégia, Direito, S.O.VA.
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
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Citation
Alves, J. M. S. (2024). Combate ao terrorismo. O desafio jurídico [Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Jurídicas Criminais, Universidade Portucalense]. Repositório Institucional UPT. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/5601
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Doutoramento em Ciências Jurídicas Criminais
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Open Access