Graduação do crédito do credor retentício no processo de insolvência
Date
2025-01-30
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Language
Portuguese
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Abstract
Esta dissertação procura refletir sobre a seguinte questão nuclear:
Em que termos é graduado o crédito possuído pelo credor retentício, no âmbito do processo de insolvência?
Contudo, além da questão referida, são feitas tantas outras, ora mais subjetivas, ora de natureza interpretativa, que se revelam igualmente essenciais e urgentes no seu tratamento e que, além de justificarem a resposta à pergunta essencial que se procura, dentro dos limites da lei e da sua interpretação, regulam diversas variáveis da mesma temática, demonstrando como pode facilmente variar ou alterar-se a resposta nuclear, de acordo com as circunstâncias e peculiaridades de cada caso concreto.
Aborda-se, assim, não apenas o núcleo duro desta temática – representado pelas questões de direito incontornáveis – mas também as vertentes sociais e evolutivas que originaram as discordâncias e críticas à corrente maioritariamente sufragada.
Nestes termos, vamos analisar variados assuntos de uma forma ampla, como por exemplo, a origem do direito de retenção, os seus requisitos e consagração no Código Civil, a graduação dos diversos créditos em confronto no processo de insolvência, os efeitos da própria declaração de insolvência no contrato promessa de compra e venda de imóveis e o respetivo regime legal aplicável.
Além disso, em concreto, vamos debruçar-nos sobre as várias posições versadas nos Acórdãos Uniformizadores de Jurisprudência, bem como as mais recentes alterações legislativas. Tentaremos, ainda, desmitificar as causas que estiveram na raiz da prolação destes entendimentos, a nível social e ao nível da justiça, procurando-se encontrar aquele que melhor a serve e equilibra, sem prejudicar os interesses e direitos dos seus intervenientes.
A análise das opiniões das diferentes correntes permite abordar questões que, na prática, geram maior controvérsia. Entre elas estão a prevalência do direito de retenção em relação ao crédito hipotecário, os fundamentos do entendimento consolidado, a atuação do sua eficácia, bem como o alcance do instituto do promitente-comprador na condição de consumidor e a definição das pessoas, físicas ou jurídicas, que podem ser a ele vinculadas, além de outras divergências doutrinárias levantadas.
É ainda explanada uma perspetiva pessoal sobre as temáticas desenvolvidas, bem como são sugeridas soluções que vão ajustar as decisões dos juízes em tribunal para resultados mais justos, sem que os interesses de cada interveniente possam ser questionados, sempre com a ressalva do estudo e análise personalizados de cada caso concreto.
Faz-se, ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento da dissertação, uma comparação com ordenamentos jurídicos distintos, de outros países e jurisdições, que tratam a temática em questão, ou com outra sensibilidade, ou com outra interpretação, ajustando-se as semelhanças e diferenças ao resultado que, ao nível pessoal dos presentes autores, se relevam mais adequados.
However, beyond this primary question, several other issues arise, some more subjective, others interpretative in nature, which prove equally essential and urgent in their examination. These additional questions not only justify the response to the main inquiry within the boundaries of the law and its interpretation but also govern various aspects of the same topic, demonstrating how the central answer can easily vary or shift depending on the circumstances and peculiarities of each specific case. Thus, this work addresses not only the core of this topic—represented by the unavoidable legal issues—but also the social and evolutionary aspects that have given rise to disagreements and criticisms of the majority stance. In this context, a broad analysis is conducted on various matters, such as the origin of the right of retention, its requirements, and its codification in the Civil Code; the ranking of competing credits in the insolvency process; the effects of the insolvency declaration on the promissory contract for the purchase and sale of real estate; and the corresponding applicable legal framework. Moreover, the focus is placed specifically on the various positions expressed in the Uniform Jurisprudence Rulings, as well as on the most recent legislative changes. An effort is also made to demystify the social and judicial causes underlying these interpretations, aiming to identify the approach that best serves and balances justice without compromising the interests and rights of those involved. The analysis of the opinions of different perspectives allows for the examination of issues that, in practice, generate significant controversy. Among these are the precedence of the right of retention over mortgage credit, the foundations of the consolidated interpretation, the conduct of the Insolvency Administrator when fulfilling or rejecting the promissory contract, considering its enforceability, as well as the scope of the concept of the promissory buyer as a consumer and the identification of the individuals or entities, whether natural or legal persons, who may be associated with it, along with other doctrinal disagreements raised. Additionally, a personal perspective on the discussed topics is presented, along with suggestions for solutions aimed at aligning judicial decisions with fairer outcomes without questioning the interests and rights of each party involved, always emphasizing the necessity for a personalized study and analysis of each specific case. Throughout the dissertation, comparisons are made with the legal frameworks of other countries and jurisdictions, which address the topic either with a different sensitivity or a different interpretation. These comparisons align similarities and differences with the conclusions that, in the authors’ view, are deemed most appropriate.
However, beyond this primary question, several other issues arise, some more subjective, others interpretative in nature, which prove equally essential and urgent in their examination. These additional questions not only justify the response to the main inquiry within the boundaries of the law and its interpretation but also govern various aspects of the same topic, demonstrating how the central answer can easily vary or shift depending on the circumstances and peculiarities of each specific case. Thus, this work addresses not only the core of this topic—represented by the unavoidable legal issues—but also the social and evolutionary aspects that have given rise to disagreements and criticisms of the majority stance. In this context, a broad analysis is conducted on various matters, such as the origin of the right of retention, its requirements, and its codification in the Civil Code; the ranking of competing credits in the insolvency process; the effects of the insolvency declaration on the promissory contract for the purchase and sale of real estate; and the corresponding applicable legal framework. Moreover, the focus is placed specifically on the various positions expressed in the Uniform Jurisprudence Rulings, as well as on the most recent legislative changes. An effort is also made to demystify the social and judicial causes underlying these interpretations, aiming to identify the approach that best serves and balances justice without compromising the interests and rights of those involved. The analysis of the opinions of different perspectives allows for the examination of issues that, in practice, generate significant controversy. Among these are the precedence of the right of retention over mortgage credit, the foundations of the consolidated interpretation, the conduct of the Insolvency Administrator when fulfilling or rejecting the promissory contract, considering its enforceability, as well as the scope of the concept of the promissory buyer as a consumer and the identification of the individuals or entities, whether natural or legal persons, who may be associated with it, along with other doctrinal disagreements raised. Additionally, a personal perspective on the discussed topics is presented, along with suggestions for solutions aimed at aligning judicial decisions with fairer outcomes without questioning the interests and rights of each party involved, always emphasizing the necessity for a personalized study and analysis of each specific case. Throughout the dissertation, comparisons are made with the legal frameworks of other countries and jurisdictions, which address the topic either with a different sensitivity or a different interpretation. These comparisons align similarities and differences with the conclusions that, in the authors’ view, are deemed most appropriate.
Keywords
Credor retentício, Graduação de créditos, Direito de retenção, Graduação
Document Type
Master thesis
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Dataset
Citation
Fonseca, D. S. (2025). Graduação do crédito do credor retentício no processo de insolvência [Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência Jurídica Forense, Universidade Portucalense]. Repositório Institucional UPT. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/6185
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TID
203911695
Designation
Mestrado em Ciência Jurídica Forense
Access Type
Restricted Access