Funções Executivas e Depressão: Sua relação numa amostra de idosos.
Date
2016-11-30
Embargo
Authors
Coadvisor
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Language
Portuguese
Alternative Title
Abstract
O envelhecimento carateriza-se por ser um processo irreversível, complexo e comum a todos
os indivíduos, estando intrinsecamente ligado a mudanças biológicas, psicológicas e sociais. A nível
psicológico, a depressão é talvez a causa mais frequente do sofrimento emocional do idoso, sendo
esta população mais propensa a inúmeras alterações que vão diminuindo a sua qualidade de vida. A
depressão no idoso ocorre, frequentemente, acompanhada por défices cognitivos (Bottino & Ávila,
2006), o que faz supor uma ligação entre estas duas condições, nomeadamente, no comprometimento
das Funções Executivas (FE) (Bottino & Ávila, 2008; Hamdan & Pereira, 2009).
O presente trabalho, de natureza quantitativa, pretendeu, assim, avaliar a influência da
depressão nas FE em idosos, nomeadamente ao nível da flexibilidade, inibição, atualização e planificação.
Para concretizar o objetivo deste estudo, recorreu-se a uma amostra de 90 idosos institucionalizados
e não institucionalizados (55 mulheres e 35 homens), que não apresentavam declínio cognitivo,
avaliado pelo Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE, Folstein, Folstein & Mchugh, 1975). Os
participantes foram avaliados por meio da Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-30, Simões & Firmino,
2013) para constituição de grupos amostrais (34 idosos sem sintomatologia depressiva, 39 idosos
com depressão ligeira e 17 idosos com sintomatologia de depressão grave). Para além deste instrumento,
foi ainda utilizado um conjunto de instrumentos de avaliação neuropsicológica para avaliação
do desempenho dos participantes ao nível da flexibilidade, inibição, atualização e planificação
cognitiva: Teste de Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST, Heaton, Chelune, Talley, Kay & Curtiss,
1993) e Trail Making Test (TMT, Cavaco, Pinto, Gonçalves, Gomes, Pereira, & Malaquias, 2008)
que permitem avaliar a flexibilidade cerebral; Teste de Stoop (Fernandes, 2013) e Teste dos Cinco
Dígitos (FDT, Sedó,2007) que permitem avaliar a inibição; sub-testes da Escala de Inteligência de
Wechsler (WAIS-III, Ferreira, Machado & Rocha, 2003)- memória de dígitos, teste de semelhanças,
prova de aritmética e pesquisa de símbolos, código de símbolos; o Teste de Fluência Verbal (Cavaco,
et. al., 2013) que permitem avaliar a atualização; Mapa do Zoo e Procura de Chaves (Wilson, Alderman,
Burgess, Emslie & Evans, 1996) que permitem avaliar a planificação.
Observou-se que a sintomatologia depressiva interfere negativamente na inibição, flexibilidade
e atualização dos participantes, ocasionando um desempenho deficitário. Em contrapartida, na
planificação verificaram-se resultados muito heterogéneos. Conclui-se ainda, que os valores estatisticamente
significativos foram constatados, maioritariamente entre os participantes sem depressão e os
participantes com depressão (ligeira ou grave), não apresentando estes últimos diferenças substanciais entre si. Pretendeu-se, assim, contribuir para o aprofundamento da compreensão da relação
entre a depressão e as FE em idosos, permitindo retirar implicações para a intervenção.
Aging is characterized as an irreversible and complex process, common to all individuals, and inextricably linked to biological, psychological and social changes. Psychologically, depression is perhaps the most common cause of emotional suffering of the elderly, which is a population prone to numerous changes that diminish their quality of life. Depression in the elderly is often accompanied by cognitive deficits (Bottino & Ávila, 2006), which suggests a link between these two conditions, namely by a negative influence in Executive Functions (EF) (Bottino & Ávila, 2008; Hamdan & Pereira, 2009). This study, of a quantitative nature, intended to evaluate the influence of depression in FE in the elderly, particularly in terms of their flexibility, inhibition, updating and planning. To achieve the goal of this study, a sample of 90 elderly institutionalized and noninstitutionalized (55 women and 35 men) participants was used, who did not have cognitive impairment, as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE, Folstein, Folstein & Mchugh 1975). Participants were evaluated with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30, Simões & Firmino, 2013) for the creation of sample groups (34 subjects with no depressive symptoms, 39 elderly with mild depression and 17 elderly with severe depression symptoms). Apart from this instrument, a set of neuropsychological assessment tools for evaluating the performance of participants in terms of flexibility, inhibition, updating and cognitive planning was used: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Test (WCST, Heaton, Chelune Talley, Kay & Curtiss, 1993) and Trail Making Test (TMT, Cavaco, Pinto, Gonçalves, Gomes, Pereira, & Malaquias, 2008) for assessing brain flexibility; Stoop Test (Fernandes, 2013) and the Five Digits Test(FDT, Sedó, 2007) to assess the inhibition; subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III, Ferreira, Machado & Rocha, 2003) - digit memory, similarities test, arithmetic test, search of symbols and code - and the Verbal Fluency Test (Cavaco et al, 2013) for assessing updating; Zoo Map and Key Search (Wilson, Alderman, Burgess, Emslie & Evans, 1996) for assessing planning. Results show that depressive symptoms interfere negatively in the inhibition, flexibility and updating of the participants, resulting in a loss-making performance. In contrast, in planning there were very mixed results. Most of the statistically significant differences between groups were found mainly among participants without depression and participants with depression (mild or severe), the latter not presenting many differences between them. It was intended to contribute to the deepening of understanding of the relationship between depression and FE in the elderly, allowing to withdraw implications for intervention.
Aging is characterized as an irreversible and complex process, common to all individuals, and inextricably linked to biological, psychological and social changes. Psychologically, depression is perhaps the most common cause of emotional suffering of the elderly, which is a population prone to numerous changes that diminish their quality of life. Depression in the elderly is often accompanied by cognitive deficits (Bottino & Ávila, 2006), which suggests a link between these two conditions, namely by a negative influence in Executive Functions (EF) (Bottino & Ávila, 2008; Hamdan & Pereira, 2009). This study, of a quantitative nature, intended to evaluate the influence of depression in FE in the elderly, particularly in terms of their flexibility, inhibition, updating and planning. To achieve the goal of this study, a sample of 90 elderly institutionalized and noninstitutionalized (55 women and 35 men) participants was used, who did not have cognitive impairment, as assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE, Folstein, Folstein & Mchugh 1975). Participants were evaluated with the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30, Simões & Firmino, 2013) for the creation of sample groups (34 subjects with no depressive symptoms, 39 elderly with mild depression and 17 elderly with severe depression symptoms). Apart from this instrument, a set of neuropsychological assessment tools for evaluating the performance of participants in terms of flexibility, inhibition, updating and cognitive planning was used: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Test (WCST, Heaton, Chelune Talley, Kay & Curtiss, 1993) and Trail Making Test (TMT, Cavaco, Pinto, Gonçalves, Gomes, Pereira, & Malaquias, 2008) for assessing brain flexibility; Stoop Test (Fernandes, 2013) and the Five Digits Test(FDT, Sedó, 2007) to assess the inhibition; subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III, Ferreira, Machado & Rocha, 2003) - digit memory, similarities test, arithmetic test, search of symbols and code - and the Verbal Fluency Test (Cavaco et al, 2013) for assessing updating; Zoo Map and Key Search (Wilson, Alderman, Burgess, Emslie & Evans, 1996) for assessing planning. Results show that depressive symptoms interfere negatively in the inhibition, flexibility and updating of the participants, resulting in a loss-making performance. In contrast, in planning there were very mixed results. Most of the statistically significant differences between groups were found mainly among participants without depression and participants with depression (mild or severe), the latter not presenting many differences between them. It was intended to contribute to the deepening of understanding of the relationship between depression and FE in the elderly, allowing to withdraw implications for intervention.
Keywords
Envelhecimento, Funções executivas, Depressão, Aging, Executive functions, Depression
Document Type
Master thesis
Publisher Version
Dataset
Citation
Gomes, F.M.O. (2016) Funções executivas e depressão: Sua relação numa amostra de idosos. (Dissertação de Mestrado), Universidade Portucalense, Portugal. Disponível no Repositório UPT, http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1673
Identifiers
TID
201390400
Designation
Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde.
Access Type
Restricted Access