Estrutura de capitais das empresas portuguesas. Caso prático: análise ao setor industrial
Date
2022-11-10
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Portuguese
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Abstract
A transmissão monetária é central no financiamento das empresas, na
constituição da sua estrutura de capitais, e subsequentemente, no desenvolvimento
económico de um país. A análise torna-se mais premente sobretudo se atendermos ao
contexto institucional e legal no qual as empresas portuguesas operam. Um estudo ao
nível do setor permite também afastar o caráter generalista que muitas vezes põe em
causa particularidades fundamentais que interessa cada vez mais entender,
principalmente no contexto das nossas empresas. A melhor forma de compreender
como este processo ocorre é, por conseguinte, recorrer à análise no domínio das
principais teorias financeiras sobre a estrutura de capitais das empresas. Neste âmbito,
a análise deve integrar os modelos teóricos clássicos e comportamentais. Pretendemos
estreitar a lacuna existente entre estes dois grandes paradigmas. Dado o estado de arte
relativo ao tema, encontra-se uma escassez de estudos que integram conjuntamente
estas duas vertentes, tanto ao nível geral como especialmente ao nível dos setores de
atividade. Esta tese tem como tema central a estrutura de capitais das empresas
portuguesas do setor industrial. A análise é quantitativa, e realizada no contexto das
teorias financeiras clássicas e comportamentais. A sua estrutura formal encontra-se
dividida em uma introdução, três capítulos autónomos (cada capítulo constitui um
artigo), finalizados por uma conclusão geral.
O Capítulo1, intitulado “Estrutura de capitais das empresas portuguesas”, faz o
enquadramento do tema, apresenta os propósitos gerais da análise, e releva o
referencial teórico de base (estado da arte) diretamente relacionado com os assuntos
que vão ser analisados empiricamente nos subsequentes capítulos, constituindo a
fundamentação teórica genérica. Este capítulo tem como objetivo fundamental, o apelo
à necessidade de a análise se constituir no âmbito dos dois grandes paradigmas,
clássico e comportamental, numa perspetiva alternativa e complementar. Releva
“lacunas” que, no contexto do tema, ainda não foram analisadas. Conclui que a análise
deve ser efetuada no âmbito dos dois paradigmas, pois nenhuma teoria consegue
explicar isoladamente a constituição e as decisões sobre a estrutura de capitais das
empresas, seja nos termos clássicos do pensamento racional como nos termos
comportamentais da racionalidade limitada dos gestores.
O Capítulo 2 intitula-se “Trade-off dinâmico no âmbito do gestor otimista”
(empírico). Tem como objetivo fundamental a análise à velocidade dos ajustamentos
em empresas dirigidas por gestores otimistas ou com excesso de confiança. Constitui
um tema original, pois, de acordo com o nosso conhecimento, não existe um estudo que
efetua uma análise neste âmbito e tal como aqui é efetuada, integrando os enviesamentos cognitivos do otimismo/excesso de confiança dos gestores na análise
do trade-off dinâmico. Neste artigo propomos também uma nova medida do viés
cognitivo do otimismo/excesso de confiança dos gestores. A análise é efetuada às PME
industriais portuguesas em diversos contextos. Este estudo conclui que as empresas
portuguesas geridas por gestores otimistas/excesso de confiança realizam
ajustamentos mais lentos, o que é consistente com os pressupostos base estabelecidos
pela literatura comportamental. O endividamento das empresas segue um trade-off
dinâmico e, no processo de financiamento, uma pecking order dos recursos de
financiamento, tal como a literatura vem vindo também a constatar há vários anos.
O Capítulo 3 intitula-se “A reversibilidade do endividamento empresarial”
(empírico). Tem como objetivo principal abordar as perspetivas que podem (ou devem)
ser colocadas no âmbito da reversibilidade da dívida empresarial, dado o
enquadramento teórico e prático (estado de arte) subjacente ao tema. A análise é
efetuada às PME industriais portuguesas. Constitui também um tema original, na
medida em que efetua uma abordagem que, de acordo com o nosso conhecimento,
ainda não foi colocada. Assim, foi também proposta uma nova metodologia que nos
permitiu determinar ou procurar saber como e qual a perspetiva subjacente à
reversibilidade da alavancagem empresarial que tem maior impacto na estrutura de
capitais. Neste artigo (Capítulo) constatamos que a perspetiva da teoria do trade-off tem
maior impacto na estrutura de capitais das empresas portuguesas, no entanto, os
gestores também levam fortemente em consideração a estrutura de capitais das
empresas pares pertencentes ao mesmo setor, seguindo também um herd behavior
comportamental. A perspetiva da reversão mecânica à média do endividamento também
contribui, à sua escala, para a estrutura da reversibilidade permanente da dívida
empresarial. Assim, concluímos que tanto no âmbito da intervenção dos gestores como
no âmbito de uma reversão matemática do rácio da dívida, as perspetivas teóricas não
são exclusivas entre si.
O último ponto intitulado “Conclusões Gerais” destaca os aspetos mais
importantes abordados ao longo da análise. Aponta também o possível contributo para
o desenvolvimento do quadro teórico e prático no que diz respeito às questões em
aberto analisadas, referindo as principais limitações da investigação e sugerindo
pesquisas futuras.
Monetary transmission is central for the firm's funding, its capital structure construction, and consequently, a country's economic development. The analysis becomes more pressing especially if we consider the institutional and legal context in which Portuguese firms operate. A study at the sector level also makes it possible to remove the generalist feature that often calls into question fundamental particularities that interests more understand, especially in the context of our firms. The best way to understand how this process occurs is, therefore, to resort to analysis in the domain of the main corporate capital structure financial theories. In this context, the analysis must integrate the classical and behavioral theoretical models. We intend to narrow the gap between these two great paradigms. Given the state of the art on the subject, there is a great scarcity of studies that jointly integrate these two aspects, both at a general level and especially at an industry level. This thesis has as its central theme the capital structure of Portuguese firms in the manufacturing sector. The analysis is quantitative and carried out in the context of classical and behavioral financial theories. Its formal structure is divided into an introduction, three autonomous chapters (each chapter constitutes an article) and general conclusions. Chapter 1, entitled “Capital structure of Portuguese firms”, provides a framework for the theme, presents the general purposes of the analysis, and highlights the basic theoretical framework (state of the art) directly related to the issues that are going to be analyzed in the subsequent chapters, constituting the generic theoretical foundation. The main objective of this chapter is to appeal to the need for the analysis to be made within the scope of the two great paradigms, classical and behavioral, in an alternative and complementary perspective. It reveals “gaps” that, in the context of the topic, have not yet been analyzed. It concludes that analysis must be carried out within the scope of both paradigms, as no theory can entirely explain the decisions and formation of firms' capital structure, either in the classical terms of rational thinking or in the behavioral terms of the manager's limited rationality. Chapter 2 is entitled “Dynamic trade-off within the scope of the optimistic manager” (empirical work). Its main objective is to analyze the speed of adjustments in firms run by optimistic or overconfident managers. It is an original topic, as to our knowledge, no study performs an analysis in this specific area and as it is performed here, integrating the cognitive biases of managers' optimism/overconfidence in the dynamic trade-off analysis. In this article, we also propose a new measure of the managers' optimism/overconfidence cognitive bias. The analysis is carried out in different contexts of the Portuguese manufacturing SMEs. This study concludes that Portuguese firms run by optimistic/overconfident managers make slower adjustments, which is consistent with the baseline assumptions established by behavioral literature. Firms' debt follows a dynamic trade-off, and in the financing process, a pecking order of financing resources, as the literature has also been verifying for several years. Chapter 3 is entitled “The reversibility of corporate debt” (empirical work). Its main objective is to address the perspectives that can (or should) be pointed out within the scope of the corporate debt reversibility, given the theoretical and practical framework (state of the art) underlying the subject. The analysis is carried out on the Portuguese manufacturing SMEs. It is also an original topic, insofar as it uses a thinking structure, according to our knowledge, has not yet been addressed. Thus, a new methodology was also proposed that allowed us to determine or seek to know how and what the perspective underlying the firms' leverage reversibility has a greater impact on the capital structure. In this article (Chapter), we found that the trade-off theory perspective has a greater impact on the Portuguese firms` capital structure, however, managers also strongly take into account the capital structure of peer firms belonging to the same sector, also following the herding behavior of the behavioral theory literature. The debt mean reversion perspective also contributes, at its level, to the permanent reversibility structure of firms` debt. Thus, we conclude that both within the scope of managers' intervention and the scope of a debt ratio mathematical reversion, the theoretical perspectives are not exclusive to each other. Last section entitled "General Conclusions" highlights the most important aspects addressed throughout the analysis. It also points out the possible contribution to the development of the theoretical and practical framework under the capital structure regarding the open issues analyzed, refers to the limitations of the research, and suggests future avenues for research.
Monetary transmission is central for the firm's funding, its capital structure construction, and consequently, a country's economic development. The analysis becomes more pressing especially if we consider the institutional and legal context in which Portuguese firms operate. A study at the sector level also makes it possible to remove the generalist feature that often calls into question fundamental particularities that interests more understand, especially in the context of our firms. The best way to understand how this process occurs is, therefore, to resort to analysis in the domain of the main corporate capital structure financial theories. In this context, the analysis must integrate the classical and behavioral theoretical models. We intend to narrow the gap between these two great paradigms. Given the state of the art on the subject, there is a great scarcity of studies that jointly integrate these two aspects, both at a general level and especially at an industry level. This thesis has as its central theme the capital structure of Portuguese firms in the manufacturing sector. The analysis is quantitative and carried out in the context of classical and behavioral financial theories. Its formal structure is divided into an introduction, three autonomous chapters (each chapter constitutes an article) and general conclusions. Chapter 1, entitled “Capital structure of Portuguese firms”, provides a framework for the theme, presents the general purposes of the analysis, and highlights the basic theoretical framework (state of the art) directly related to the issues that are going to be analyzed in the subsequent chapters, constituting the generic theoretical foundation. The main objective of this chapter is to appeal to the need for the analysis to be made within the scope of the two great paradigms, classical and behavioral, in an alternative and complementary perspective. It reveals “gaps” that, in the context of the topic, have not yet been analyzed. It concludes that analysis must be carried out within the scope of both paradigms, as no theory can entirely explain the decisions and formation of firms' capital structure, either in the classical terms of rational thinking or in the behavioral terms of the manager's limited rationality. Chapter 2 is entitled “Dynamic trade-off within the scope of the optimistic manager” (empirical work). Its main objective is to analyze the speed of adjustments in firms run by optimistic or overconfident managers. It is an original topic, as to our knowledge, no study performs an analysis in this specific area and as it is performed here, integrating the cognitive biases of managers' optimism/overconfidence in the dynamic trade-off analysis. In this article, we also propose a new measure of the managers' optimism/overconfidence cognitive bias. The analysis is carried out in different contexts of the Portuguese manufacturing SMEs. This study concludes that Portuguese firms run by optimistic/overconfident managers make slower adjustments, which is consistent with the baseline assumptions established by behavioral literature. Firms' debt follows a dynamic trade-off, and in the financing process, a pecking order of financing resources, as the literature has also been verifying for several years. Chapter 3 is entitled “The reversibility of corporate debt” (empirical work). Its main objective is to address the perspectives that can (or should) be pointed out within the scope of the corporate debt reversibility, given the theoretical and practical framework (state of the art) underlying the subject. The analysis is carried out on the Portuguese manufacturing SMEs. It is also an original topic, insofar as it uses a thinking structure, according to our knowledge, has not yet been addressed. Thus, a new methodology was also proposed that allowed us to determine or seek to know how and what the perspective underlying the firms' leverage reversibility has a greater impact on the capital structure. In this article (Chapter), we found that the trade-off theory perspective has a greater impact on the Portuguese firms` capital structure, however, managers also strongly take into account the capital structure of peer firms belonging to the same sector, also following the herding behavior of the behavioral theory literature. The debt mean reversion perspective also contributes, at its level, to the permanent reversibility structure of firms` debt. Thus, we conclude that both within the scope of managers' intervention and the scope of a debt ratio mathematical reversion, the theoretical perspectives are not exclusive to each other. Last section entitled "General Conclusions" highlights the most important aspects addressed throughout the analysis. It also points out the possible contribution to the development of the theoretical and practical framework under the capital structure regarding the open issues analyzed, refers to the limitations of the research, and suggests future avenues for research.
Keywords
Estrutura de capitais, Teorias financeiras clássicas e comportamentais, Trade-off dinâmico, Teoria do otimismo/excesso de confiança, Reversibilidade do endividamento, Teoria do Herding Behavior, Enviesamentos cognitivos
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
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Dataset
Citation
Carvalho, A. O. T. M. (2022). Estrutura de capitais das empresas portuguesas. Caso prático: análise ao setor industrial [Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Empresariais, Universidade Portucalense]. Repositório Institucional UPT. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/4548
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TID
101694660
Designation
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Empresariais
Access Type
Open Access