Fatores indutores da internacionalização empresarial: a importância das redes relacionais e do conhecimento.
Date
2014-06
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Portuguese
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Abstract
Hoje em dia é exigido às empresas um contínuo processo de inovação e de
reestruturação das suas operações para que lhes seja possível responder aos requisitos da
concorrência nacional mas também, cada vez mais, da internacional. A
internacionalização passou a ser mais do que uma questão de opção, uma questão de
sobrevivência.
O desenvolvimento do mundo dos negócios tem vindo a romper todas as fronteiras,
sendo a crescente internacionalização das empresas um dado adquirido
independentemente da sua dimensão, idade, experiência internacional ou doméstica,
contrariando um pouco as tradicionais teorias da Internacionalização.
As empresas têm agora de encontrar novas formas para desenvolver vantagens
competitivas que passam por procurar e adquirir novas competências, recursos e
capacidades. A crescente importância da cooperação na internacionalização das empresas
implica a necessidade de uma nova abordagem – baseada nas redes industriais – que parte
do princípio que o processo de internacionalização de uma empresa não pode ser
controlado por um único ator. Integrar uma rede pode facilitar o acesso a recursos
específicos de mercado, nomeadamente ao conhecimento, que uma empresa isolada não
poderia ter de outra forma. Evidência empírica recente oferece pontos de vista
importantes sobre a internacionalização de novos negócios, mostrando que as empresas
mais jovens são capazes de compensar sua limitada aprendizagem experiencial ao nível
da empresa com a aprendizagem através de experiências individuais anteriores da equipa
de gestão de topo (aprendizagem congénita) e através de relações inter-organizacionais
(aprendizagem vicária), sugerindo também que a idade e a dimensão da empresa devem
ser analisadas, mas não como uma condicionante restritiva para o início da
internacionalização. Também outros autores consideram que os incentivos
governamentais e associativos têm para a maioria das empresas um efeito positivo no
início da internacionalização. Baseando o nosso trabalho na revisão da literatura efetuada pretende-se avaliar as
opiniões dos empresários inquiridos, no sentido de determinar quais as variáveis que estes
consideram como potenciadoras da internacionalização das suas empresas, confirmando
se os fatores de maior importância se enquadram no modelo teórico escolhido nesta
investigação, derivado das investigações mais atuais. Por exemplo, averiguar se fatores
como “uma rede relacional”, as “características empreendedoras pessoais e de
competências adquiridas dos empresários”; a “experiência internacional dos
colaboradores, ou ainda outras variáveis como “a idade da empresa”, a sua “dimensão”,
os “incentivos/apoios à internacionalização”, a “distância física e psicológica” podem
funcionar como agentes potenciadores ou indutores do processo de internacionalização
da empresa. Pretendemos ainda averiguar se existem diferenças na importância atribuída
a estes fatores por parte das empresas que se internacionalizam cedo no seu ciclo de vida.
Foi efetuado um estudo empírico com 320 empresas portuguesas
internacionalizadas e dada a natureza da base de dados recolhidos e os objetivos da
pesquisa, utilizamos metodologias de Análise Exploratória dos dados (medidas de
estatística descritiva); metodologias de Inferência Estatística Univariada e também
análises de dados Multivariados. Nestas últimas utilizou-se a Análise Fatorial
Exploratória (AFE) para medir as Variâncias e Covariâncias entre as variáveis e
recorremos ao Escalonamento Multidimensional para a avaliar as perceções dos
entrevistados. Finalmente procedemos a uma Análise Fatorial Confirmatória, para
confirmar os padrões estruturais encontrados na AFE e para avaliar a qualidade de
ajustamento do modelo de medida teórico à estrutura correlacional observada entre as
variáveis manifestas.
Encontramos evidências da importância que têm as “Redes Relacionais” para os
empresários portugueses, bem como as Competências Específicas dos Colaboradores, a
Experiência Internacional dos Colaboradores e a “Propensão Empreendedora e para
Assumir riscos dos Colaboradores e Direção”, em consonância com a Teoria das Redes,
a Teoria do Capital Humano, a Teoria das International New Ventures (INV), a
Population Ecology Approach e com a Attention Based View.
Nowadays, firms are required not only to engage in a continuous innovation process and constantly restructure their operations to meet the requirements of national but, above all, international competition. Internationalization has become more than a matter of choice, a matter of survival. The development of the business world has been breaking all boundaries, being the increasing internationalization of companies taken for granted regardless of size, age, international or domestic experience, slightly contradicting the traditional theories of internationalization. Companies have now to find new ways to develop competitive advantages which comprises seeking and acquiring new skills, resources and capabilities. The growing importance of cooperation in the internationalization of firms implies the need for a new approach - based on industrial networks – which assumes that the process of internationalization of a firm cannot be controlled by a single actor. Integrating a network can facilitate the access to specific resources market, including knowledge, which a single company could not have otherwise. Recent empirical evidence provides important viewpoints on the internationalization of new ventures, showing that these firms are able to compensate for their limited experiential learning at the enterprise level with learning through previous individual experience of top management team (congenital learning) and through inter - organizational relationships (vicarious learning), also suggesting that the age and size of the company should be analyzed, but not as a constraint for internationalization. Other authors consider that government incentives and support have, for most companies, a positive effect on early internationalization. Relying our work on the conducted literature review we aim to assess the opinions of entrepreneurs, in order to determine which variables they consider as enhancer of the internationalization of their firms, confirming if the factors of greatest importance fit the chosen theoretical model, derived from the most current researches. For example, examine whether factors such as "a relational network", "personal entrepreneurial characteristics and acquired skills of entrepreneurs”; "International experience of employees", or even other variables such as “the age of the company”, “its dimension” “incentives/supports for internationalization”, and “physical and psychological distance” can act as enhancing agents or facilitators to the process of internationalization of the company. We also intend to investigate whether there are differences in the assigned importance to these factors by firms that internationalize early in their life cycle. An empirical study was conducted with 320 internationalized Portuguese companies and given the nature of the data base to explore and the research objectives we choose exploratory data analysis methodologies (descriptive statistics measures); univariate statistical inference methodologies and also multivariate data analyzes. In these latter we used an Exploratory Factor Analysis to measure the variances and covariances among the variables and turned to a Multidimensional Scaling to assess the perceptions of inquired entrepreneurs. Finally we made a Confirmatory Factor Analysis to confirm the structural patterns previously found in the Exploratory Factor Analysis and to assess the goodness of fit of the theoretical measurement model to the observed correlational structure between variables. We found evidence of the importance that "Relational Networks" have for Portuguese entrepreneurs, as well as "Specific Skills of Employees", the "International Experience of Employees" and "Entrepreneurial and Risk Taking Propensity of Employees and Managers", in line with the Network Theory, the Human Capital Theory the Theory of International New Ventures, the Population Ecology Approach and the Attention based View.
Nowadays, firms are required not only to engage in a continuous innovation process and constantly restructure their operations to meet the requirements of national but, above all, international competition. Internationalization has become more than a matter of choice, a matter of survival. The development of the business world has been breaking all boundaries, being the increasing internationalization of companies taken for granted regardless of size, age, international or domestic experience, slightly contradicting the traditional theories of internationalization. Companies have now to find new ways to develop competitive advantages which comprises seeking and acquiring new skills, resources and capabilities. The growing importance of cooperation in the internationalization of firms implies the need for a new approach - based on industrial networks – which assumes that the process of internationalization of a firm cannot be controlled by a single actor. Integrating a network can facilitate the access to specific resources market, including knowledge, which a single company could not have otherwise. Recent empirical evidence provides important viewpoints on the internationalization of new ventures, showing that these firms are able to compensate for their limited experiential learning at the enterprise level with learning through previous individual experience of top management team (congenital learning) and through inter - organizational relationships (vicarious learning), also suggesting that the age and size of the company should be analyzed, but not as a constraint for internationalization. Other authors consider that government incentives and support have, for most companies, a positive effect on early internationalization. Relying our work on the conducted literature review we aim to assess the opinions of entrepreneurs, in order to determine which variables they consider as enhancer of the internationalization of their firms, confirming if the factors of greatest importance fit the chosen theoretical model, derived from the most current researches. For example, examine whether factors such as "a relational network", "personal entrepreneurial characteristics and acquired skills of entrepreneurs”; "International experience of employees", or even other variables such as “the age of the company”, “its dimension” “incentives/supports for internationalization”, and “physical and psychological distance” can act as enhancing agents or facilitators to the process of internationalization of the company. We also intend to investigate whether there are differences in the assigned importance to these factors by firms that internationalize early in their life cycle. An empirical study was conducted with 320 internationalized Portuguese companies and given the nature of the data base to explore and the research objectives we choose exploratory data analysis methodologies (descriptive statistics measures); univariate statistical inference methodologies and also multivariate data analyzes. In these latter we used an Exploratory Factor Analysis to measure the variances and covariances among the variables and turned to a Multidimensional Scaling to assess the perceptions of inquired entrepreneurs. Finally we made a Confirmatory Factor Analysis to confirm the structural patterns previously found in the Exploratory Factor Analysis and to assess the goodness of fit of the theoretical measurement model to the observed correlational structure between variables. We found evidence of the importance that "Relational Networks" have for Portuguese entrepreneurs, as well as "Specific Skills of Employees", the "International Experience of Employees" and "Entrepreneurial and Risk Taking Propensity of Employees and Managers", in line with the Network Theory, the Human Capital Theory the Theory of International New Ventures, the Population Ecology Approach and the Attention based View.
Keywords
Internacionalização empresarial, Fatores indutores, Redes relacionais, Redes do conhecimento, Business internationalization, Enhancing Factors, Relational Networks, Relational knowledge
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
Publisher Version
Dataset
Citation
Lobo, A. S. A. (2014). Fatores indutores da internacionalização empresarial: a importância das redes relacionais e do conhecimento. (Tese de Doutoramento), Universidade Portucalense, Portugal. Disponível no Repositório UPT: http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1062.
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101349548
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Restricted Access
Sponsorship
Orientação: Professor Doutor Júlio Faceira Guedes.
Description
Tese de Doutoramento em Gestão.