Contributos para a criação de um programa de ensino a mulheres com cancro da mama.
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2011
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Portuguese
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Abstract
Este trabalho teve como finalidade criar linhas de orientação, para a elaboração
de um programa de ensino, em doentes com diagnóstico de cancro da mama, cujo
plano terapêutico incluía tratamento por quimioterapia adjuvante.
Para responder a este propósito, realizou-se um estudo exploratório, descritivo e
correlacional. A recolha de informação foi feita, através de instrumentos tipo inquérito,
por notas de campo e por entrevistas semi-estruturadas contextualizando, este estudo,
numa abordagem quantitativa/qualitativa.
Participaram 60 mulheres, com diagnóstico de cancro da mama, em tratamento
por quimioterapia adjuvante, com uma média de idades de 51,6 anos. Do ponto de
vista clínico, 50% tinham sido submetidas a cirurgia conservadora e eram portadoras
de doença metastática.
O trabalho empírico foi realizado, ao longo de 6 meses, e a recolha da informação
fez-se em cinco momentos.
Os achados puseram em evidência que: i) a percepção que as mulheres têm
sobre a sua família é melhor aos 6 meses do que quando foram referenciadas para o
estudo; ii) o nível de literacia em saúde permitiu dividir as mulheres em 3 grupos,
sendo o grupo dominante as que integraram o nível de literacia em saúde,
marginal/média com 34 (56,7%); iii) o nível de ajustamento psicossocial à doença,
embora positivo, diminuiu ao longo do tempo, diferenciando-se, em algumas
subescalas, em função do nível de literacia em saúde e, a faixa etária de pertença das
participantes; iv) as participantes estão satisfeitas com a informação recebida, mas
consideraram-na mais importante que útil, sendo as mulheres do grupo de literacia
adequada as que a consideraram mais útil; v) em relação aos factores, que interferem
na retenção da informação, na opinião das inquiridas, agruparam-se em factores
contextuais e de informação; vi) sobre os comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde,
referiram-se que, às vezes, estes ajudam na compreensão da informação. Esta
apreciação não variou em função do grupo etário ou nível da literacia em saúde, das
participantes mas apresentou variações em algumas subescalas do Ajustamento
Psicossocial à doença; vii) quanto ao modo preferido para aceder à informação
destacou-se a informação oral, face-a-face, complementada com informação escrita.
Aos seis meses, após o inicio do tratamento, as preferências sobre a informação a
fornecer às mulheres, com diagnóstico de cancro da mama, cujo plano terapêutico
inclua tratamento por quimioterapia adjuvante, os resultados mostraram que i) a
informação considerada importante e útil diz respeito às medidas a tomar (pessoais e
colectivas), de forma a minimizar o aparecimento dos efeitos dos tratamentos; ii) as
preferências da informação recaíram sobre a doença (recuperação e trajectória); iii) as
mulheres, com nível de literacia em saúde adequado, são as que gostariam de receber
mais informação; iv) o modo preferido para aceder à informação corroborou os
achados da avaliação aos 3 meses; v) os recursos preferidos e procurados para
aceder às informações privilegiaram a figura dos profissionais de saúde da unidade
responsável pelo tratamento actual; vi) o acesso à internet e a outras fontes de
informação foi ainda referido pelas mulheres com nível de literacia em saúde
adequado sendo, também, estas que mais informação procuram e mais cedo
gostariam de ter acesso à mesma.
Com base nestes resultados, procedeu-se à discussão, recorrendo, no decurso da
mesma, a uma análise SWOT, no sentido de simplificar a complexidade dos achados
e submetê-los aos princípios defendidos por Porter (1986) para a definição de uma
estratégia. As sugestões, para o programa, foram alinhadas em 4 itens: i) a doença
oncológica no contexto clínico e social; ii) as organizações de saúde e seus
profissionais; iii) o cancro da mama feminino; e iv) linhas de orientação para a
elaboração de um programa de ensino.
Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o nível de literacia em saúde, o
ajustamento psicossocial à doença, a disposição “anatómica” da informação, a prestar
aos doentes (conteúdos, metodologias estratégias e meios), comportamentos dos
profissionais de saúde devem ser factores a considerar na planificação de um
programa de ensino em mulheres com cancro de mama.
Apesar das limitações deste estudo emerge de imediato uma implicação prática: a
implementação e desenvolvimento da figura do enfermeiro de família, a trabalhar em
parceria com as unidades de saúde especializadas, assegurando a disponibilização da
informação, por períodos mais longos, de forma sistematizada e de acordo com as
necessidades de informação das doentes e suas famílias. A (re) valorização desta
figura acrescentaria mais ganhos em saúde e, uma maior rentabilização de recursos.
This study aimed to establish guidelines for the preparation of a teaching program, the patients diagnosed with breast cancer, whose treatment plan included adjuvant chemotherapy. To meet this purpose we carried out exploratory, descriptive, and correlational study. Data collection was performed by means of such inquiry, field notes and semistructured interviews by contextualizing this study in a quantitative/qualitative. Participants were 60 women diagnosed with breast cancer, treated by adjuvant chemotherapy, with a mean 51.6 years old. From the clinical point of view 50% had undergone conservative surgery and were suffering from metastatic disease. This survey was conducted over six months, and the information was done on five occasions. The findings have revealed that: i) the perception that women have about their family is better at 6 months than when they were referred to the study; ii) the level of health literacy divided the women into three groups, being the dominant group integrated, them into the levels of health literacy, marginal/average 34 (56.7%); iii) level Psychosocial Adjustment to illness, although positive, decreased throughout time differentiating them in some sub-scales to the level of health literacy, and the age of belonging of the participants; iv) participants are satisfied with the information received, but found it more important than being helpful, the women of the adequate literacy group that found most useful; v) regarding the factors that affect retention of information, in the opinion of respondents, grouped into contextual factors and information; vi) about the behaviors of health professionals reported that they sometimes help in understanding the information. This finding does not vary with the age group or level of health literacy, the participants, but showed variations in some sub-scales of the Psychosocial Adjustment to illness; vii) as the preferred way to access information highlighted to oral information, face to face, complemented by written information. At six months after starting treatment preferences of women on the information provided to women diagnosed with breast cancer, whose treatment plan includes, adjuvant chemotherapy, the results showed that: i) information considered important and useful with respect to the measures to take (personal and corporate) in order to minimize the appearance of treatment effects; ii) preferences for information about the disease relapsed, and their recovery pathology in the same; iii) level of women with adequate health literacy are those that would like to receive more information; iv) the preferred way to access information corroborate the findings of the assessment to 3 months; v) Preferred resources and sought to access privileged information the figure of health professionals of the unit responsible for processing it now; vi) access to the Internet, and other sources of information, was even mentioned by women with adequate level of health literacy, also these ones want more information about the illness and seek earlier would like access to information. Based on these results, we proceeded to the discussion using in the course of it, a SWOT analysis, to simplify the complexity of the findings and submit them to the principles advocated by Porter (1986) to define a strategy. The suggestions for the program, were lined up in four items: i) cancer: clinical and social context; ii) health organizations and its professionals; iii) female breast cancer, iv) guidelines for the development of a teaching program. The results of this study suggest that the level of literacy in health, psychosocial adjustment to illness, the provision anatomical of information to be provided to patients (content, methodologies, strategies and resources), attitudes of health professionals should be factors to consider in planning a teaching program for women with breast cancer. Despite the limitations of the study emerges from an immediate practical implication: the implementation and development of the nurse of the family to work in partnership with specialized health care facilities, ensuring the availability of information for longer periods, in a systematic and according to the information needs of patients and their families. The (re)valorization of this figure would add more health gains a better use of resources.
This study aimed to establish guidelines for the preparation of a teaching program, the patients diagnosed with breast cancer, whose treatment plan included adjuvant chemotherapy. To meet this purpose we carried out exploratory, descriptive, and correlational study. Data collection was performed by means of such inquiry, field notes and semistructured interviews by contextualizing this study in a quantitative/qualitative. Participants were 60 women diagnosed with breast cancer, treated by adjuvant chemotherapy, with a mean 51.6 years old. From the clinical point of view 50% had undergone conservative surgery and were suffering from metastatic disease. This survey was conducted over six months, and the information was done on five occasions. The findings have revealed that: i) the perception that women have about their family is better at 6 months than when they were referred to the study; ii) the level of health literacy divided the women into three groups, being the dominant group integrated, them into the levels of health literacy, marginal/average 34 (56.7%); iii) level Psychosocial Adjustment to illness, although positive, decreased throughout time differentiating them in some sub-scales to the level of health literacy, and the age of belonging of the participants; iv) participants are satisfied with the information received, but found it more important than being helpful, the women of the adequate literacy group that found most useful; v) regarding the factors that affect retention of information, in the opinion of respondents, grouped into contextual factors and information; vi) about the behaviors of health professionals reported that they sometimes help in understanding the information. This finding does not vary with the age group or level of health literacy, the participants, but showed variations in some sub-scales of the Psychosocial Adjustment to illness; vii) as the preferred way to access information highlighted to oral information, face to face, complemented by written information. At six months after starting treatment preferences of women on the information provided to women diagnosed with breast cancer, whose treatment plan includes, adjuvant chemotherapy, the results showed that: i) information considered important and useful with respect to the measures to take (personal and corporate) in order to minimize the appearance of treatment effects; ii) preferences for information about the disease relapsed, and their recovery pathology in the same; iii) level of women with adequate health literacy are those that would like to receive more information; iv) the preferred way to access information corroborate the findings of the assessment to 3 months; v) Preferred resources and sought to access privileged information the figure of health professionals of the unit responsible for processing it now; vi) access to the Internet, and other sources of information, was even mentioned by women with adequate level of health literacy, also these ones want more information about the illness and seek earlier would like access to information. Based on these results, we proceeded to the discussion using in the course of it, a SWOT analysis, to simplify the complexity of the findings and submit them to the principles advocated by Porter (1986) to define a strategy. The suggestions for the program, were lined up in four items: i) cancer: clinical and social context; ii) health organizations and its professionals; iii) female breast cancer, iv) guidelines for the development of a teaching program. The results of this study suggest that the level of literacy in health, psychosocial adjustment to illness, the provision anatomical of information to be provided to patients (content, methodologies, strategies and resources), attitudes of health professionals should be factors to consider in planning a teaching program for women with breast cancer. Despite the limitations of the study emerges from an immediate practical implication: the implementation and development of the nurse of the family to work in partnership with specialized health care facilities, ensuring the availability of information for longer periods, in a systematic and according to the information needs of patients and their families. The (re)valorization of this figure would add more health gains a better use of resources.
Keywords
Cancro da mama feminino, Informação ao doente, Nível de literacia em saúde, Ajustamento psicossocial à doença, Educação para a saúde, Programas de ensino, Breast cancer female, Information to the patient, Level of health literacy, Psychosocial to illness, Health enducation, Teaching programs
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
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Citation
Esteves, M.R.S.P. (2011). Contributos para a criação de um programa de ensino a mulheres com cancro da mama. (Tese de doutoramento), Universidade Portucalense, Portugal.
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Orientação: Prof.ª Doutora Maria do Rosário Dias.