O historiador e o teórico: a historiografia de Hobbes na teoria das relações internacionais.
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2003
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Português
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Uma dificuldade crucial no estudo das relações internacionais é unir inves-
tigação teórica com investigação histórica. O objetivo deste artigo é anali-
sar como Hobbes enfrentou este problema, bem como em que medida a so-
lução que apresentou influenciou a teoria das relações internacionais e per-
mite ainda hoje resolver dificuldades desta disciplina.Aprimeira parte exa-
mina como Hobbes justifica seu método de pensar histórica e teoricamente
ao mesmo tempo. A segunda parte mostra como Hobbes é recuperado no
pós-Segunda Guerra tanto pela revisão do programa idealista como pelo
emergente realismo, em ambos os casos a fim de criticar o idealismo do en-
treguerras. A terceira parte, tendo em vista o debate contemporâneo em re-
lações internacionais, mostra como o neo-realismo, concentrando-se em
tecnologias de poder, perde o interesse pela investigação histórica presente
no realismo clássico; e o normativismo que se fortalece a partir dos anos 90
formulando uma justificada crítica à ausência de reflexão ética no neo-
realismo, recai muitas vezes em variantes do idealismo utópico. Em ambos
há um déficit de investigação histórica, o que não permite analisar a contin-
gência das relações sociais. Se o caráter predominantemente antropológico
da historiografia de Hobbes, bem como o caráter predominantemente insti-
tucionalista de sua teoria do Estado e doDireito não podemmais ser aceitos
é seumodo de pensar aomesmo tempo teórica e historicamente o legado e o
desafio que nos deixa.
A crucial issue in international relations is to associate theoretical with historical inquiry. This paper aims to analyse howHobbes struggledwith this problem, in which measure his answers have influenced the theory of international relations and to what extent they permit the solution of contemporary problems in this discipline. The first part analyses how Hobbes justifies his method of thinking both historically and theoretically. The second part shows how Hobbes is later rehabilitated by the revision of idealism as well as by the emergence of the doctrine known as realism, in both cases with the aim of criticising early idealism. The third part, considering the contemporary debate in international relations, analyses how neo-realism, investigating above all power technologies, loses the interest for historical inquiry that was present in classical realism, and how normativism, which came to prominence in the 90s, formulating a justified criticism of the lack of ethical reflection by neo-realism, often creates variants of utopian idealism. In both there is a lack of historical inquiry, which does not allowthe analysis of the contingency of social relations. If the predominantly anthropological character of Hobbes historiography, as well as the predominantly institutionalistic character of his state and law theory can no longer be accepted, it is his way of thinking theoretically and historically at oncewhich is the challenge and the legacy that he has left to us.
A crucial issue in international relations is to associate theoretical with historical inquiry. This paper aims to analyse howHobbes struggledwith this problem, in which measure his answers have influenced the theory of international relations and to what extent they permit the solution of contemporary problems in this discipline. The first part analyses how Hobbes justifies his method of thinking both historically and theoretically. The second part shows how Hobbes is later rehabilitated by the revision of idealism as well as by the emergence of the doctrine known as realism, in both cases with the aim of criticising early idealism. The third part, considering the contemporary debate in international relations, analyses how neo-realism, investigating above all power technologies, loses the interest for historical inquiry that was present in classical realism, and how normativism, which came to prominence in the 90s, formulating a justified criticism of the lack of ethical reflection by neo-realism, often creates variants of utopian idealism. In both there is a lack of historical inquiry, which does not allowthe analysis of the contingency of social relations. If the predominantly anthropological character of Hobbes historiography, as well as the predominantly institutionalistic character of his state and law theory can no longer be accepted, it is his way of thinking theoretically and historically at oncewhich is the challenge and the legacy that he has left to us.
Palavras-chave
Hobbes, Historiografia, Realismo, Normativismo, Historiography, Realism, Normativism
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Citação
Sckell, S.N. & Zittel, C. (2003). O historiador e o teórico: a historiografia de Hobbes na teoria das relações internacionais. Contexto Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, 25 (2), julho/dezembro, 229-272.
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