Longevidade e investimento: reflexão em torno dos fundos de pensões em Portugal
Date
2015-05
Embargo
Advisor
Coadvisor
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Portucalense
Language
Portuguese
Alternative Title
Abstract
O presente trabalho envolve dois objetivos principais: o de aprofundar o
conhecimento do sector dos fundos de pensões em Portugal e o de examinar o conceito
de risco de longevidade nas suas várias vertentes, particularmente no modo como o
mesmo afeta as decisões de investimento no contexto dos fundos de pensões.
Primeiramente, sustentando-nos, essencialmente, numa metodologia descritiva e
de revisão da literatura, procurou-se avaliar o modo de interação entre o sistema público
e os fundos de pensões nacionais em matéria de provisão de pensões de velhice. A
pesquisa conduzida permitiu evidenciar as particularidades subjacentes ao caso
nacional, entre as quais destacamos: o caráter tardio da maturação do sistema público de
pensões, bem como a relativa generosidade que, em tempo, terá marcado o sistema de
proteção social português; o aparente paradoxo que carateriza a transferência dos ativos
de alguns dos fundos de pensões para a esfera da segurança social – tal como a
responsabilidade de pagamento das pensões que os mesmos visavam financiar –
operação esta que parece ter ocorrido ao arrepio da tendência anteriormente observada,
mormente no conteúdo do texto das sucessivas Leis de Bases da Segurança Social de
2000, de 2002 e de 2007, onde se encorajava o recurso a esquemas privados de
previdência; a fraca transversalidade dos fundos de pensões nacionais, com o total de
ativos a representar, em 2013, cerca de 9% do PIB e com o sector bancário a deter cerca
de 73% dos fundos profissionais; a relevância do risco de longevidade, o qual não
constitui um atributo exclusivo dos sistemas públicos de pensões, mas que se torna
particularmente visível no âmbito dos fundos fechados, impondo pressões consideráveis
nos níveis de financiamento dos respetivos planos.
Seguidamente, tomando a composição do investimento de 56 fundos nacionais
destinados ao financiamento de planos de benefício definido, entre 2011 e 2013, por
intermédio de análise bivariada, testaram-se algumas hipóteses de investigação,
exercício este que permitiu evidenciar a aparente desconexão entre a dimensão dos
fundos e a cobertura das responsabilidades afins, bem como a antiguidade e o montante
das responsabilidades associadas a cada fundo. Para além disso, explorou-se a eventual
existência de «comportamentos de manada» ao nível da composição do investimento
dos mesmos fundos, a qual revelou, contudo, ser pouco significativa, o que se poderá
dever à reduzida dimensão da amostra. Os resultados obtidos sugerem alguma
5
atipicidade dos fundos de pensões nacionais, os quais parecem ter uma dimensão
redutora enquanto meros produtos de investimento, esvaziando-se a sua vertente
previdencial. Uma vez sublinhada a relevância do risco de longevidade no contexto dos
fundos de pensões, percorrem-se algumas das possibilidades de cobertura, desde os
denominados instrumentos tradicionais até aos instrumentos do life-market, ou seja, os
longevity-linked assets. Porém, um dos contributos mais relevantes do presente trabalho
é o que resulta do desenvolvimento de um modelo multiperíodo, que permite a
otimização da taxa de contribuição a realizar, ao longo de T períodos de tempo, para um
plano de benefício definido e que se afigura como uma alternativa aos tradicionais
modelos de valoração.
This work is committed with two main goals: to improve the knowledge concerning Portuguese pension plans and pension funds, and to examine the concept of longevity risk, taking into consideration its multiple features, mainly the way how it affects the investment process in the context of pension funds. First, based on descriptive and literature review methodologies, the interaction between the state action and the pension funds action in the context of old-age pension provision is scrutinized. This research allowed us to highlight the peculiarities underlying the Portuguese case, such as: the late maturation of the Portuguese pension system, and also the relative generosity that, at a certain point, have marked the Portuguese social protection system; the possible paradox that involves the transfer of the some pension funds’ assets to the sphere of social security – at the responsibility to pay the relates pensions as well – which operation seems to be contradictory with the tendency previously observed, taking into consideration the text of the successive Basic Laws of Social Security in 2000, 2002 and 2007, within which the use of private pension schemes was encouraged; the weak representativeness of national pension funds, with total assets corresponding, in 2013, roughly to 9% of GDP, and with the banking sector holding about 73% of professional pension funds; the relevance of longevity risk, which undermines not only the public pension system, becoming particularly visible within the closed funds, and imposing huge pressure on the own plans funding levels. Afterwards, taking into consideration 56 national pension plans’ investment composition, from 2011 to 2013, using bivariate analysis, some research hypotheses are tested. This exercise highlighted the apparent disconnect between the funds’ size and coverage of related responsibilities, and also between the matureness and the amount of liabilities associated with each fund. Furthermore, the possible existence of herd behaviour between these funds at the level of their investment composition is also explored. This possibility did not reveal to be significant, may be due to the sample dimension. These results suggest some atypicality of national pension funds, which seem to only have a financial dimension, disregarding their welfare features. As long the relevance of longevity risk in the context of pension funds has been emphasized, some of hedging possibilities are discussed, from the usually named traditional 7 instruments to the life-market instruments, the so-called longevity-linked assets. However, one of the most relevant contributions of this work is the development of a multi-period model, which allows us to optimize the contribution rate, over T periods of time, for a defined benefit plan and may be seen as an alternative approach to traditional valuation models.
This work is committed with two main goals: to improve the knowledge concerning Portuguese pension plans and pension funds, and to examine the concept of longevity risk, taking into consideration its multiple features, mainly the way how it affects the investment process in the context of pension funds. First, based on descriptive and literature review methodologies, the interaction between the state action and the pension funds action in the context of old-age pension provision is scrutinized. This research allowed us to highlight the peculiarities underlying the Portuguese case, such as: the late maturation of the Portuguese pension system, and also the relative generosity that, at a certain point, have marked the Portuguese social protection system; the possible paradox that involves the transfer of the some pension funds’ assets to the sphere of social security – at the responsibility to pay the relates pensions as well – which operation seems to be contradictory with the tendency previously observed, taking into consideration the text of the successive Basic Laws of Social Security in 2000, 2002 and 2007, within which the use of private pension schemes was encouraged; the weak representativeness of national pension funds, with total assets corresponding, in 2013, roughly to 9% of GDP, and with the banking sector holding about 73% of professional pension funds; the relevance of longevity risk, which undermines not only the public pension system, becoming particularly visible within the closed funds, and imposing huge pressure on the own plans funding levels. Afterwards, taking into consideration 56 national pension plans’ investment composition, from 2011 to 2013, using bivariate analysis, some research hypotheses are tested. This exercise highlighted the apparent disconnect between the funds’ size and coverage of related responsibilities, and also between the matureness and the amount of liabilities associated with each fund. Furthermore, the possible existence of herd behaviour between these funds at the level of their investment composition is also explored. This possibility did not reveal to be significant, may be due to the sample dimension. These results suggest some atypicality of national pension funds, which seem to only have a financial dimension, disregarding their welfare features. As long the relevance of longevity risk in the context of pension funds has been emphasized, some of hedging possibilities are discussed, from the usually named traditional 7 instruments to the life-market instruments, the so-called longevity-linked assets. However, one of the most relevant contributions of this work is the development of a multi-period model, which allows us to optimize the contribution rate, over T periods of time, for a defined benefit plan and may be seen as an alternative approach to traditional valuation models.
Keywords
Pensões de velhice, Fundos de pensões, Planos de pensões, Risco de longevidade, Derivados de longevidade, Valoração de planos de benefício definido, Old-age pensions, Pension funds, Pension plans, Longevity risk, Longevity- -linked derivatives, Defined benefit pension plans’ valuation
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
Publisher Version
Dataset
Citation
Quelhas, A. P. P. S. (2015). Longevidade e investimento: reflexão em torno dos fundos de pensões em Portugal. (Tese de Doutoramento), Universidade Portucalense, Portugal. Disponível no Repositório UPT, http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1372
Identifiers
TID
101430310
Designation
Access Type
Restricted Access
Sponsorship
Orientação: Prof. Doutor Luís Miguel da Mata Artur Dias Pacheco
Description
Tese de Doutoramento em Gestão