Is there a European convergence in HRM practices? A cluster analysis of the high-performance paradigm across 31 countries

Abstract

The High-Performance paradigm can be seen as a set of new forms of work organization combined with flexible HR practices that enhance organizational performance through employee involvement and empowerment. With roots in the American HR tradition, there is an ongoing debate on its universal applicability between what has been called the universalist and the contigent perspectives. Based on this debate, the main goal of this paper is to test if there is a general approach to the High-Performance paradigm, common to all European countries or if it is possible to find different profiles of high-performance practices within Europe. The results show that there is not a single bundle that reflects one “system” of work and HR practices. Cluster analysis revealed three clusters and the distribution of countries by clusters shows a distinct geographical pattern: South-West Europe, South-Eastern Europe and Northern Europe, the latter being more close to the High-Performance paradigm.