Aprendizagens autênticas nas Ciências da Natureza do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico.
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2015-03-17
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Portuguese
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Abstract
Esta investigação pretendeu contribuir para a qualidade do ensino e
aprendizagem das Ciências da Natureza no 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (2.º
CEB), O problema deste estudo centra-se na constatação da necessidade de
apoiar o desenvolvimento de tarefas que resultem em atividades e
aprendizagens autênticas nas Ciências da Natureza no 2.º CEB,
nomeadamente no que se refere ao trabalho experimental e à interligação de
grandezas ambientais no processo de caracterização do meio. Com base neste
problema definiram-se as questões de investigação (QI): QI1 - Que papéis
pode desempenhar a utilização conjunta dos sentidos e dos sensores, nas
atividades autênticas de caracterização do meio?; QI2 - Que práticas
epistémicas (PE) são desenvolvidas pelos alunos na realização de atividades
autênticas e qual a mediação do professor nesse processo?; QI3 - As
atividades autênticas propiciam a significação de conceitos abstratos pelas
crianças?; QI4 - Que dificuldades/desafios sentem os professores na
implementação de tarefas autênticas?
O marco teórico deste estudo centra-se na abordagem das aprendizagens
autênticas e, portanto, nas abordagens construtivistas do ensino e
aprendizagem reconhecendo: a relevância das conceções e conhecimentos
prévios dos alunos; a importância de dar aos alunos um papel ativo na
construção do conhecimento e ao professor um papel mediador; as
potencialidades das estratégias de resolução de problemas do quotidiano e do
ensino experimental das ciências.
Face ao problema e às questões de investigação, optou-se por uma
abordagem do tipo qualitativo, baseada em quatro estudos de caso, com traços
de investigação-ação. As professoras participantes conceberam situações
formativas que integraram tarefas autênticas de caracterização do meio e
implementaram-nas, com os seus alunos, recorrendo ao trabalho experimental
e ao uso conjunto de sentidos e sensores. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados e discutidos, com recurso à
elaboração de narrações multimodais e a uma análise de conteúdo, permitindo
retirar as seguintes conclusões:
- O uso dos sentidos e dos sensores constituíram uma estratégia importante
para o desenvolvimento de atividades autênticas de caracterização ambiental
e, nomeadamente, de práticas epistémicas (PE) pelos alunos;
- Em todos os estudos de caso, os alunos desenvolveram PE como descrever,
formular questões, fazer estimativas/previsões, usar sensores, interpretar,
organizar informação e relacionar, nas atividades que resultaram das tarefas
autênticas propostas. As PE mais complexas como formular questões,
controlar variáveis, formular hipóteses, e criar representações, ocorreram com
menos frequência do que as outras PE;
- As diferentes PE ocorreram frequentemente na sequência da mediação das
professoras, nomeadamente das ações: contextualizar a situação problema;
apresentar a tarefa sob a forma de desafio; formular questões, estimulando a
partilha de ideias e valorizando o pensamento dos alunos; respeitar e incentivar
a autonomia dos alunos; sintetizar informação; orientar e apoiar os alunos no
desenvolvimento das tarefas; apresentar/disponibilizar recursos; e realizar
avaliação formativa;
- O uso dos sentidos e dos sensores com mediação docente apoiou os alunos
no estabelecimento de transições graduais de representações mais concretas
para representações mais abstratas dos fenómenos em estudo;
- A mediação docente estabeleceu pontes entre o concreto e o abstrato, tendo
as PE sido indicadoras do desenvolvimento do pensamento abstrato nas
crianças;
- As professoras constataram que as tarefas autênticas, pela sua natureza
investigativa, se revelaram motivadoras, tendo, no entanto colocado desafios
de gestão do tempo.
This research sought to contribute to the quality of teaching and learning of Science of Nature on the 5th and 6th year of scholarity. This study focuses on the acknowledgment of the need to support the development of tasks that result in activities and authentic learning in Science of Nature on the 5th and 6th year of scholarity, particularly with regard to the experimental work and the interconnection of environmental measurements in the process of characterizing the environment. Based on this, the following research questions were outlined: QI1 - What roles can the use of both the senses and sensors perform in the authentic activities of environment characterization? QI2 - What epistemic practices are developed by students in performing authentic activities and what is the teacher mediation role in this process;? QI3 – Do authentic activities help to provide a meaning to abstract concepts to children;? QI4 - What difficulties/challenges will teachers face by implementing authentic tasks? The theoretical framework of this study focuses on the approach of authentic learning and hence, on constructivist approaches to teaching and learning recognizing: the importance of prior knowledge and conceptions of the student; the importance of giving students an active role in the construction of knowledge, giving the teacher a role of mere mediator; the potential of the strategies for solving everyday problems and experimental science teaching. With the objective of facing the problem and the research questions, we chose the qualitative approach, based on four case studies, with dashes of inquiry-action. The participating teachers designed training situations that integrate authentic tasks to characterize the environment and implemented them with their students, using the experimental work and the set of both senses and sensors. The results were analyzed and discussed, using multimodal narratives and content analysis, allowing the following conclusions: - The use of both senses and sensors were an important strategy for the development of authentic activities in environmental characterization and, in particular, of epistemic practices by the students; - In all case studies, the students developed epistemic practices such as describing, asking questions, making estimates/forecasts, using sensors, interpreting, organizing information and bridging in the activities that resulted from the proposed authentic tasks. More complex epistemic practices, such as formulating questions, controlling variables, formulating hypotheses, and creating representations, occurred less frequently than other epistemic practices; - The different epistemic practices occurred frequently following the mediation of teachers, (particularly actions such as: contextualizing the problem situation; presenting the task in the form of a challenge; formulating questions, encouraging the sharing of ideas and valuing students' thinking; respecting and encouraging students’ autonomy; synthesizing information; guiding and supporting students in the development of the tasks; presenting/providing resources; and conducting formative evaluation); - The use of the senses and sensors with teachers mediation supported the students in establishing gradual transitions from concrete representations to more abstract representations of the phenomena under study; - The teacher's mediation established bridges between the concrete and the abstract, and the epistemci practices were an indicator of the development of abstract thinking in children; - The teachers found that the authentic tasks, for their investigative nature, proved to be motivating, although also challenging in matters of time management.
This research sought to contribute to the quality of teaching and learning of Science of Nature on the 5th and 6th year of scholarity. This study focuses on the acknowledgment of the need to support the development of tasks that result in activities and authentic learning in Science of Nature on the 5th and 6th year of scholarity, particularly with regard to the experimental work and the interconnection of environmental measurements in the process of characterizing the environment. Based on this, the following research questions were outlined: QI1 - What roles can the use of both the senses and sensors perform in the authentic activities of environment characterization? QI2 - What epistemic practices are developed by students in performing authentic activities and what is the teacher mediation role in this process;? QI3 – Do authentic activities help to provide a meaning to abstract concepts to children;? QI4 - What difficulties/challenges will teachers face by implementing authentic tasks? The theoretical framework of this study focuses on the approach of authentic learning and hence, on constructivist approaches to teaching and learning recognizing: the importance of prior knowledge and conceptions of the student; the importance of giving students an active role in the construction of knowledge, giving the teacher a role of mere mediator; the potential of the strategies for solving everyday problems and experimental science teaching. With the objective of facing the problem and the research questions, we chose the qualitative approach, based on four case studies, with dashes of inquiry-action. The participating teachers designed training situations that integrate authentic tasks to characterize the environment and implemented them with their students, using the experimental work and the set of both senses and sensors. The results were analyzed and discussed, using multimodal narratives and content analysis, allowing the following conclusions: - The use of both senses and sensors were an important strategy for the development of authentic activities in environmental characterization and, in particular, of epistemic practices by the students; - In all case studies, the students developed epistemic practices such as describing, asking questions, making estimates/forecasts, using sensors, interpreting, organizing information and bridging in the activities that resulted from the proposed authentic tasks. More complex epistemic practices, such as formulating questions, controlling variables, formulating hypotheses, and creating representations, occurred less frequently than other epistemic practices; - The different epistemic practices occurred frequently following the mediation of teachers, (particularly actions such as: contextualizing the problem situation; presenting the task in the form of a challenge; formulating questions, encouraging the sharing of ideas and valuing students' thinking; respecting and encouraging students’ autonomy; synthesizing information; guiding and supporting students in the development of the tasks; presenting/providing resources; and conducting formative evaluation); - The use of the senses and sensors with teachers mediation supported the students in establishing gradual transitions from concrete representations to more abstract representations of the phenomena under study; - The teacher's mediation established bridges between the concrete and the abstract, and the epistemci practices were an indicator of the development of abstract thinking in children; - The teachers found that the authentic tasks, for their investigative nature, proved to be motivating, although also challenging in matters of time management.
Keywords
Tarefas, Atividades, Aprendizagens autênticas, Ensino experimental das ciências, Sentidos, Sensores, Práticas epistémicas, Authentic Tasks, Authentic Activities, Authentic Learning, Experimental Science Education, Senses, Sensors, Epistemic practices
Document Type
Doctoral thesis
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Citation
Silva, S. A. (2015). Aprendizagens autênticas nas Ciências da Natureza do 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. (Tese de Doutoramento), Universidade Portucalense, Portugal. Disponível no Repositório UPT, http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1583.
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101349378
Designation
Tese de Doutoramento em Educação.
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Open Access