Do medieval castles drive heritage-based development in low-density areas?

Abstract

Historical monuments enrich lives by connecting people to their community and heritage. They are key to understanding population movements and local development. This study analyzes how the presence of castles classified as National Monuments or of Public Interest can attract tourists, extend their stay, and motivate local authorities to invest in cultural activities, in particular in low-density areas. Heritage and tourism connect through economic, cultural, social, and territorial goals. They boost local economies, preserve cultural traditions, empower communities, and protect landscapes. Thoughtful planning ensures that regional character is maintained and a balance is struck between growth, preservation, equity, and safeguarding for the future. To evaluate the economic and touristic impact of classified castles in Portuguese municipalities, we started by analyzing the ‘Existence of Castle’ variable against three key factors: tourism flows (number of guests and average stay) and municipal expenditure on cultural activities Additionally, we considered other important explanatory variables from alternative studies, including the following: the number of parishes, maximum and minimum altitude, cultural heritage and sports activity expenses, resident population, density, monthly earnings, commercial firms, Tourism Carrying Capacity, tourism revenues, and overnight stays. Our empirical results reveal that medieval castles generate diverse effects on cultural activities managed by municipalities. Quantile regressions demonstrate that municipalities with fewer resources but with a castle invest more in cultural activities, regardless of how expenditure is measured. Additionally, the presence of a castle attracts more tourists and extends their stay, indicating significant potential for economic and tourist development which is not yet fully realized.