Carla Azevedo Lobo

Lobo, Carla Azevedo

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Lobo

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Carla Azevedo

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Carla Azevedo Lobo

Biography

Carla Azevedo Lobo é doutorada em Gestão pela Universidade Portucalense. É Professora Auxiliar da Universidade Portucalense e leciona em cursos de Licenciatura, Mestrado e Doutoramento, na área das Ciências Empresariais. É também Coordenadora do Curso de Licenciatura em Gestão, desde 2010. É investigadora do REMIT (Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies). Foi a Investigadora Responsável do Projeto de Investigação ("IEcPBI”) na área dos Negócios Internacionais, financiado pelo COMPETE 2020, FEDER e FCT, entre 2018 - 2022. Afiliação: Investigadora do REMIT - Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (departamento: DEG)

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REMIT – Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies

Centro de investigação que que tem como objetivo principal produzir e disseminar conhecimento teórico e aplicado que possibilite uma maior compreensão das dinâmicas e tendências económicas, empresariais, territoriais e tecnológicas do mundo contemporâneo e dos seus efeitos socioeconómicos. O REMIT adota uma perspetiva multidisciplinar que integra vários domínios científicos: Economia e Gestão; Ciências e Tecnologia; Turismo, Património e Cultura. Founded in 2017, REMIT – Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies is a research unit of Portucalense University. Based on a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary perspective it aims at responding to social challenges through a holistic approach involving a wide range of scientific fields such as Economics, Management, Science, Technology, Tourism, Heritage and Culture. Grounded on the production of advanced scientific knowledge, REMIT has a special focus on its application to the resolution of real issues and challenges, having as strategic orientations: - the understanding of local, national and international environment; - the development of activities oriented to professional practice, namely in the business world.

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Open Access
What Is the impact of informal entrepreneurship on venture capital flows?
2020-11-23 - Santos, Eunice; Fernandes, Cristina I.; Ferreira, João J. M.; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
There has been a diverse range of research on the factors enabling informal entrepreneurship as well as the means to avoid or to eradicate its incidence. Several researchers argued that venture capital and financial flows, in general, contribute to economic growth and development. There have also been observations of how the investor level of trust in institutions facilitates investment decisions. This trust comes into play at the level of informal entrepreneurship and the ability of governments to control this type of entrepreneurship. Given that a great deal of research on this subject focuses its analysis on developing countries, we have chosen to investigate the reality of European countries precisely because of the scarcity of studies on the effect of informal entrepreneurship in this context. Our research aims to assess how informal entrepreneurship effects on venture capital flows. We use aggregated data at country level collected from a variety of sources, including the World Bank, Organization for Cooperation and Development and World Economic Forum, between 2006 and 2015 and 23 countries in Europe, corresponding to 230 observations (panel no. balanced). Through econometric estimation, which took place according to methodologies based on multiple regression models for panel data, the results demonstrate how informal entrepreneurship has a negative moderating effect between GDP and venture cUKapital flows. We intend to contribute to a better understanding of the effect of informal entrepreneurship on the flows of venture capital.
Open Access
A performance internacional e a orientação para o Mercado: O caso das PME’s
2020 - Fernandes, Cristina I. M. A. S.; Ferreira, João J. M.; Raposo, Mário; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
Um ponto chave do processo de internacionalização das empresas é a escolha do mercado externo. Após esta escolha os resultados que uma empresa aí obtém podem ajudar a medir a sua performance internacional. Esta investigação visa, assim, medir o impacto no processo de internacionalização, mediante a sua Orientação para o Mercado (OM), assim como medir o seu efeito na performance internacional. Para tal, foram recolhidos dados através da realização de um questionário a 320 PME e mediante a aplicação de regressões lineares, os resultados evidenciam um efeito positivo da OM tanto no processo de internalização como no desempenho internacional. Verificamos também a importância de se estudar a influência das orientações estratégicas sobre os processos de internacionalização, podendo estes serem influenciados pelas particularidades das PME.
Open Access
The importance of internationalization strategy for innovation in Portuguese firms
2020-08 - Durão, Natércia; Santos-Pereira, Carla; Azevedo, Mónica; Maldonado, Isabel; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
Innovation and internationalization seem to be vital strategies for the survival and growth of companies facing an increasingly competitive global environment. The twoway link between these two factors has become a topic of interest among researchers. Although innovation and internationalization are highly related activities, the role played by innovation in the internationalization process of firms has been analysed by internationalization, others consider that innovation can be a consequence of internationalization process. Given the great importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for the growth of economies, part of literature has paid special attention to this kind of enterprises. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between innovation and internationalization within Portuguese firms, in particular to analyse whether Portuguese entrepreneurs consider innovation as an important factor in the process of internationalisation. To achieve this goals, we will use descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques.
Open Access
The importance of the skills in business digitalization for the internationalization strategy: Evidence for Portuguese firms
2020 - Santos-Pereira, Carla; Durão, Natércia; Moreira, Fernando; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
To meet the requirements of both national and international competition firms need to engage in a continuous innovation process and constantly restructure their operations. Firms must find new ways to develop a competitive advantage, which entails searching for and acquiring new skills, resources and competences. Traditional theories of internationalization focused mainly on multinational firms, giving less importance to entrepreneurs with their small businesses. However, the development of the business world has been breaking all boundaries with the increasing internationalization of firms, not dependent on their size, activity sector or geographical area of origin. It is also widely acknowledged that organizations have suffered a large evolution at the technological level where the traditional barriers of information and knowledge transferring have been progressively eliminated. Digital transformation (DT), in business practice can enable significant competitive advantage. DT can also be seen as a deep and accelerating transformation with regard to processes, activities, competences and models, in order to take advantage of the changes and opportunities offered by the inclusion of digital technologies into an organization. In the literature of business internationalization, a large number of scientific studies focus on the determinants of internationalization and more specifically, on their relationship with the success / failure of internationalization. However, few of them analyze the entrepreneur’s perspective. Therefore, this work aims to present a study focused on the entrepreneur’s perception about the internationalization process of his company, more specifically, about the factors that enhanced the company entry into foreign markets as well as the constraints found in this process. In this project, through an empirical study from a sample of 195 Portuguese International firms, we intend to confirm if the integration of technological innovations in business practice can enable significant competitive advantage including in business internationalization.
Open Access
The enhancers of the internationalization strategy and its relation with business performance – the Portuguese case
2020-09 - Lobo, Carla Azevedo; Santos-Pereira, Carla; Durão, Natércia
Internationalization theories have been growing interest among researchers. However, as they mainly focused on the internationalization process of big and mature firms, it was thought that they need some other approaches that consider the challenges of small and younger firms. A growing flow of research on international new ventures(INV) has sought to understand the causes, processes and outcomes of the decision of smaller and younger firms to enter in foreign markets. The INV model states that some young SME’s rapidly internationalize exporting to distant markets practically since birth. Thus, instead of following the internationalization process theory, that states that firms enter new markets gradually, slowly compromising their resources in the development of export activities, these INV enter international markets almost immediately, without waiting until they have acquired experience in the domestic market with success. The perspective on international new ventures thus emphasizes the role of individual knowledge to argue that international ventures do not need organizational experiences, routines or capabilities to succeed in external markets. On the contrary, the international experiences of founders and other key managers can replace such shortcomings. In other words, the entrepreneur's role can define the firm's ability to acquire and operationalize its resources, thus being able to influence business performance, especially of international businesses. The growing popularity of this new perspective on international new ventures has created a body of literature on this issue and of its influence on international business performance. Aiming to analyze the existence of an association between international business performance and the factors that act, on the entrepreneur perspective, as enhancers of the internationalization strategy, an online questionnaire survey was conducted with several variables, based on the literature review. The questionnaire was sent to all firms registered in the AICEP database of Portuguese internationalized firms, by sending a link via e-mail and using the Google Forms tool between May 2019 and January 2020. Data collected from the 238 valid responses (Portuguese international firms) were treated by IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0 software through a quantitative approach based on a descriptive, exploratory and inferential analysis. In accordance with International New Ventures Theory, the Strategic Choice view and Network theory, we expect to find evidence of the correlation between the factors that act, on the entrepreneur perspective, as enhancers of the internationalization strategy and the percentage of business that resulted from internationalization (termed “Turnover”). We also intend to ascertain if there is any evidence of the importance of the enhancing factors related to skills, knowledge and networks in international business performance.
Open Access
The impact of market orientation on the internationalisation of SMEs
2020 - Fernandes, Cristina; Ferreira, João J. M.; Raposo, Mário; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
Purpose – A key point in the internationalisation process of companies comes with the choice of international market. Following this choice, the results companies may thereby obtain help in measuring their level of international performance. This study aims to measure the impact of internationalisation processes in keeping with company market orientations (MOs) through measuring their effect on international performance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors obtained the data from a questionnaire sent out by email to a total of 8,103 exporting companies and/or with interests in exporting (the study population) registered in the AICEP-Portugal Global database that provided the email addresses of the company representatives responsible for internationalisation. The authors received a total of 320 valid responses (sample). Findings – The results display a positive MO effect both on internationalisation processes and on international performance. The authors also note the importance of studying the influence of strategic orientations on internationalization processes, motivated by the particular SME’s characteristics. Originality/value – The authors aim to contribute to the study of the influence of the MO, both upstream and downstream, thus seeking to verify its impact on internationalization processes.
Open Access
Networking for internationalization: are young companies different from older ones?
2020-09 - Sousa, Cristina; Lobo, Carla Azevedo; Santos-Pereira, Carla
The internationalization process is complex, costly and uncertain. Existing theories stress the role of learning and knowledge and the role of networks in the acquisition of resources and information that affect the internationalization process. The “revised” Uppsalla model (Johanson and Vahlne 2009) incorporates relational networks, considering they have a strong impact on market selection, as well as on the identification of opportunities. The theory of International New Ventures (INV) emphasizes the importance of relational networks and vicarious learning as a way for companies to acquire knowledge about the external market. Some scholars consider that the participation in networks is particularly beneficial for younger and smaller firms. However, it is still unclear how the reliance on various network relationships potentially differs among younger and older ventures. This paper tackles this question by using a novel survey dataset of 238 Portuguese firms and a quantitative approach base on a descriptive and inferential analysis.
Open Access
Factors affecting SMEs’ strategic decisions to approach international markets
2020 - Fernandes, Cristina; Ferreira, João J. M.; Ortiz, Marta Peris; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
The internationalisation challenges that face all companies are no longer the exclusive concern of multinationals. Participation in the international marketplace has become a reality for large firms and small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) alike. This kind of participation can be rewarding for both companies and employees. The markets that SMEs enter and the success of this entry depend on several factors such as cultural differences, company tradition, venture capital, products and competitors. The goal of this study is therefore to understand whether the characteristics of the external market, the characteristics of the company itself and the barriers to internationalisation influence the strategic approach that SMEs adopt in their internationalisation processes. Using data on 320 Portuguese SMEs, we apply multivariate analyses to test the dimensions of internationalisation. We find that the decision of SMEs to internationalise involves an institutional change in response to external pressures in the home country. SMEs under greater institutional pressure not only tend to expand further but also engage in their initial international activities more radically.
Open Access
Public policies for internationalization: a study for portuguese firms
2020 - Biscaia, Ricardo; Ferreira, Ana Teresa; Matos, André; Oliveira, Susana; Lobo, Carla Azevedo
Internationalization can be considered as a gradual and evolutionary process in which firms progressively increase their involvement in international business. Most small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that internationalize face a variety of constraints in terms of resources and skills, information, financial capital, the experience of their managers, as well as the constraints inherent to the vulnerability of the external environment. Many firms that could succeed in international markets may not have the resources to make the investment. It is also widely acknowledged that the external institutional environment in which firms are embedded may shape firms' strategic responses. Internationalization is a beneficial process for the firm and for the national and local economy and can generate economies of scale in local firms and promote the transfer of technology and managerial knowledge, generating growth and employment. These benefits explain the implementation of export promotion activities and publicly funded programs, as the benefits justify the costs associated with this government expenditure. In light with such facts, governmental assistance may be able to promote the internationalization process of firms. In the international business literature, researchers have examined how home and host market institutions affect the internationalization strategy of multinational enterprises (MNEs), but our focus is to understand how the home institutional environment, and more specifically the public policies act or not as an enhancing factor for internationalization. This paper tackles this question by using a novel survey dataset of 320 Portuguese firms and a quantitative approach based on a regression analysis. We aim at identifying which firm and managerial characteristics are related with a more proficient use of public support for internationalization. The originality of this research lies in the fact that it seeks to ascertain the importance of public policies to support internationalization, in the entrepreneur's perspective.
Restricted Access
Internationalize? Why? - Motivations of Portuguese firms
2020-04 - Durão, Natércia; Lobo, Carla Azevedo; Santos-Pereira, Carla; Maldonado, Isabel; Pacheco, Luís Miguel
Business internationalization has become in recent decades, more than a requirement, a strategy of many firms, regardless their size or age. Besides trying to reach new markets and new clients, internationalization has turned into a strategy of the organization itself, far beyond its need to survive. Several authors highlight the company's growth strategies, in which facing the difficulty of growing in the national market given the increased competition, the public policies restricting business expansion, among others, the company chooses to go international and take advantage of the opportunities created in a new market. The Dunning model (1992) was based on four motivational factors: resource-seeking, market-seeking, efficiency-seeking and strategic asset-seeking. Although this typology was an important reference to explain the motivations for international expansion of multinationals from developed countries, empirical evidence has shown that the motivations of smaller companies can be quite different. Accordingly, some studies make a more extensive and complementary proposal. They suggest that there are two types of factors: the reactive and the mixed factos, that can influence the strategic management of internationalization. Reactive motivations include internationalization by drag and the imperatives of the business itself. At mixed motivations, authors consider, for example, geographical proximity and cultural affinities, the advantage of economies of scale, the use of the country's image and also government support. The reasons underlying the decision of firms' internationalization may therefore have different segmentations, and may well differ when it comes to SMEs or large firms. This work aims to identify the determinants that motivated the internationalization decision of portuguese firms, namely to understand whether they adopt a reactive or more proactive approach, that we can naturally associate with a strategy of reaction to, for instance, the retraction of internal demand, or a more active strategy that is part of the new mission or vision of the company. It will also be tried to ascertain whether there are any diferences in the most frequent motivations between the smallest and the largest companies. To achieve this goal we will use Quantitative Analysis Methodologies, through Descriptive and Inferential Analysis. Data were collected from 238 valid responses questionnaire and were treated by IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 software. Our preliminar results show that the most important determinants for internationalization are in line with those defined by the Dunning model, despite the size or age of the firm.

Lobo, Carla Azevedo

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